Test 2 - Reading - Passage 1 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 19 Vocabulary List

a small-scale business or manufacturing activity that is done at home or in small workshops, often by individuals or families

"Weaving was a cottage industry in the eighteenth century."

"Weaving was a cottage industry in the village with families producing cloth in their homes."

a skilled craftsman or craftswoman who creates woven fabrics and textiles by interlacing threads or yarns on a loom using various techniques and patterns

"The weaver created beautiful patterns on the loom."

"The weaver worked at the loom for hours creating intricate patterns from colorful threads of wool and silk."

a person who dyes or colors fabrics or materials, often as a profession

"The dyer uses natural plant extracts for color."

"The dyer used natural plant extracts to color the wool in shades of blue and red."

a machine invented in the 18th century that spins multiple threads at once, making the process of producing yarn much faster and more efficient

"The spinning jenny revolutionized textile production."

"The spinning jenny allowed one worker to spin multiple spools of thread simultaneously increasing production dramatically."

a mechanical device used in weaving fabric, which makes the process faster and more efficient than hand weaving

"The power loom automated the weaving process."

"The power loom mechanized the weaving process and greatly accelerated textile production during the industrial revolution."

the process of interlacing two sets of yarn or thread, called the warp and the weft, using a loom or other weaving device, to create fabric or textiles

"She learned weaving from her grandmother."

"She spent the entire afternoon weaving colorful threads together to create a beautiful handmade scarf."

the process of manually or mechanically twisting fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or synthetic materials, into yarn or thread that can be used for various textile applications

"Spinning twists fibers into thread."

"Spinning twists fibers into continuous thread or yarn using a wheel or drop spindle."

a long continuous length of fibers that have been spun together to be used in knitting, weaving, or sewing

"Colorful knitting yarn."

"She bought several balls of colorful yarn to knit a warm sweater for the coming winter."

a person, organization, company, etc. that pays to get things from businesses or stores

"The customer was waiting at the counter."

"The customer requested a full refund after discovering that the electronic device had a serious manufacturing defect."

to experience or endure a process, change, or event

"The patient will undergo surgery tomorrow."

"The patient will undergo a series of medical tests to determine the cause of her persistent symptoms."

a rock that contains valuable mineral or metal

"Wealth was generated by extracting iron ore."

"The ore was processed at a smelter to separate the valuable copper from the waste rock."

to raise the temperature of something

"She heats the soup on the stove."

"You can heat the leftover soup in the microwave for about two minutes until it is hot enough to eat."

as a reaction or answer to something

"In response to your letter I am writing back."

"In response to your question I can tell you that we are working on the problem."

an increase in the amount, size, importance, or degree of something

"The city plans an expansion."

"The expansion of the company into international markets required significant investment and careful planning over several years."

used to refer to the second of two individuals or things mentioned in a preceding statement

"I like both, but the latter."

"He offered me a choice between a book and a movie; I preferred the latter."

in a manner that is gradually growing in degree, extent, or frequency over time

"The weather is increasingly getting warmer."

"The weather is increasingly getting warmer each year due to climate change caused by human activities."

a device used to send messages over long distances through wires using electrical signals, often in the form of Morse code

"Telegraphy sends messages over long distances using wires."

"The invention of telegraphy allowed messages to travel across continents in minutes instead of weeks."

to a significantly large extent or by a considerable amount

"His health improved dramatically."

"His health improved dramatically after the treatment and he was able to return to work within a few weeks."

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

"Industrialization changed the country greatly."

"Import substitution industrialization is a trade policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production to boost a local economy."

the vertical distance or height between the springing point and the highest point of the arch

"The arch's rise is very steep."

"The rise of an arch is the vertical distance from the springing line to the underside of the crown."

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

"Urbanization causes many people to move to cities."

"Rapid urbanization has caused many cities to expand outward consuming farmland and natural habitats."

(of a space or area) filled with too many people or things, causing discomfort or lack of space

"The bus is overcrowded."

"The small apartment felt extremely overcrowded with so many guests staying overnight."

the condition or practice of maintaining clean and healthy environments, especially in public places, to prevent the spread of disease

"Good sanitation is important."

"Improving public sanitation is crucial for preventing the outbreak of infectious diseases."

cloth that is made from the fibers of a plant called flax, used to make fine clothes, etc.

"She wore a white linen shirt."

"Linen is a strong fabric made from flax fibers and is perfect for summer clothing and bedding."

happening or existing before something else

"I have a prior engagement."

"We need to address the prior issues before moving on to new ones."

the process of heating and melting rocks or ores to take out metals from them

"Smelting extracts metal from its ore."

"The smelting process extracted pure metal from ore by heating it to very high temperatures."

relating to Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor, or the period during his rule

"The Napoleonic era ended."

"The museum displayed artifacts from the Napoleonic era, showcasing military uniforms and weaponry."

the act of sending or receiving messages or information through gestures, sounds, or symbols to communicate over a distance

"The railroad uses flags for signaling."

"The railroad used a flag signaling system before the invention of electric traffic lights."

to carry out or execute a task, duty, action, or ceremony, often in a formal or official capacity

"They will perform well."

"The orchestra is scheduled to perform a complex symphony that requires exceptional skill and precision."

a building or room in which particular goods are made or fixed by different means

"The workshop is ready."

"She attended a weekend workshop on creative writing where participants shared their stories and received constructive feedback from an experienced published author."

a person who spins fibers, such as wool, cotton, or silk, into yarn or thread using various tools

"Spinner twists fibers into yarn."

"A spinner twists fibers into thread or yarn using a spinning wheel or drop spindle."

material used for making clothes, which is made by knitting or weaving silk, cotton, etc.

"She bought some cloth."

"He wiped the dusty table with a damp cloth removing layers of grime that had accumulated over several weeks without being cleaned properly."

a thin strand of material, such as cotton, nylon, or silk, used for sewing or weaving

"Use this thread to sew."

"The delicate embroidery required a fine silk thread to achieve its intricate detail."

work, particularly difficult physical work

"Hard labor needed."

"Child labor is illegal in most countries because it exploits vulnerable young people."

using machines to perform tasks that were previously done by hand

"The farm is mechanized."

"The mechanized assembly line increased production speed dramatically but many workers lost their jobs to the new machines."

serious and of great importance

"This is major."

"The major hurricane caused widespread destruction along the coast and forced thousands of residents to evacuate their homes."

to accept, embrace, or incorporate a particular idea, practice, or belief into one's own behavior or lifestyle

"They will adopt new rules."

"Many people adopt a vegetarian lifestyle for ethical and health reasons."

the most prominent part of something

"The chief part of the plan."

"The chief concern for the company is maintaining its market share."

a type of fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air, which results in a solid material high in carbon

"Coke is a fuel made from heating coal without air."

"Coke was a fuel made from coal that burned hotter and cleaner than raw coal for iron smelting."

belonging to or following the methods or thoughts that are old as opposed to new or different ones

"The food is traditional."

"The traditional wedding ceremony included customs that had been passed down through generations of the family."

a hard black substance consisting of an amorphous form of carbon which is made by slowly burning wood and is used as fuel or for drawing

"Use charcoal fire."

"We use charcoal to make fire for barbecue during summer weekends with friends and family."

to become something greater in quantity, importance, or size

"The business will expand."

"The company plans to expand its operations into international markets next year."

a system or network of tracks with the trains, organization, and people needed to operate them

"The railway connects the port to the city."

"The railway connected the inland coal mines to the coastal ports for export."

to be the setting or time of an event

"I did see the accident."

"Next Tuesday will see the grand opening of the much-anticipated new museum."

progress or improvement in a particular area

"There is advance."

"Technological advance has dramatically changed the way we communicate and access information."

to obtain legal ownership and protection for an invention or innovation

"The inventor patented his new machine."

"The inventor decided to patent his new invention so that no other company could copy his design and sell it without permission."

a way, system, object, etc. through which one can achieve a goal or accomplish a task

"He found a way."

"The company explored various innovative means to improve customer satisfaction and boost overall sales figures."

an accident that occurs when two or more objects, often in motion, come into violent contact with each other, resulting in damage or destruction

"The collision damaged both cars."

"The terrible collision between the car and the truck occurred at the intersection because one driver ran a red light."

extremely vast in degree or intensity

"The ocean is immense."

"The sheer scale of the universe is immense, inspiring awe and wonder."

to rise in amount, rate, etc.

"Prices will accelerate."

"The new technology will accelerate the company's growth and market penetration."

to make something change and become something else

"It will turn into ice."

"The caterpillar will eventually transform and turn into a beautiful butterfly."

occurring or moving with great speed

"The change was rapid."

"The rapid growth of the city caused traffic problems and the government struggled to build enough roads and public transportation."

important or great enough to be noticed or have an impact

"The change is significant."

"The significant increase in temperature over the past century is a clear sign of climate change caused by human activity."

to experience and be affected by something bad or unpleasant

"Many people suffer from allergies."

"Many people suffer from allergies during spring because of the high pollen levels in the air."

the condition or state in which something such as air, water, or land is polluted

"The air pollution is bad."

"The persistent pollution of the river has had devastating environmental consequences for the local ecosystem."

not meeting the expected level of quality, skill, or ability

"The food was inadequate."

"His performance in the exam was inadequate, failing to meet the required standard."

a warm and soft material that comes from the fur of sheep or lamb, which is commonly used to make clothing such as sweaters, coats, and hats

"This sweater is made of wool."

"The cozy wool blanket provided much-needed warmth during the unexpectedly cold winter evening."

cloth made from the fibers of the cotton plant, naturally soft and comfortable against the skin

"This shirt is cotton."

"The breathable cotton fabric makes this summer dress exceptionally comfortable and light."

relating to the country, people, or culture of the United Kingdom

"He is british."

"Her accent revealed her british heritage, though she had lived abroad for many years."

foreign countries outside one's own country

"She visited abroad."

"She studied abroad for one semester in Spain to improve her fluency in Spanish."