Test 2 - Reading - Passage 1 (1) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 19 Vocabulary List

to have origins or existence that extends to a specific earlier time

"The ruins date back centuries."

"The ancient ruins date back to the time of the Roman Empire over two thousand years ago."

a machine that uses steam made from boiling water to produce power and make parts move

"The steam engine powers the old locomotive."

"The old steam engine chugged along, powering the factory's machinery with its generated steam."

to supply with the needed energy to make something work

"The battery powers the small device fully."

"The new solar panels can power an entire house during the day when the sun is shining brightly."

a person who designs, fixes, or builds roads, machines, bridges, etc.

"The engineer fixed the bridge."

"The civil engineer inspected the bridge carefully to make sure it was safe for cars trucks to cross after the recent earthquake damaged some of the supports."

a person, company, or country that produces large numbers of products

"The car manufacturer issues a recall."

"The manufacturer recalled thousands of vehicles due to a potential defect in the braking system."

a solid, round part that moves back and forth inside a hollow tube in an engine or machine, helping to push or pull gases or liquids, or to turn pressure into movement

"The piston moves up and down inside the cylinder."

"The engine's piston slid smoothly within the cylinder, converting combustion pressure into rotational force."

a type of movement where something turns or spins around a central point or line

"The engine converts linear motion into rotary motion."

"The spinning top demonstrated perfect rotary motion, turning smoothly around its central axis."

a type of fossil fuel, which is black and found in the ground, typically used as a source of energy

"Coal is used to make energy."

"Many power stations still burn coal to generate electricity for millions of homes."

to a specific degree, particularly when compared to other similar things

"The house is relatively cheap."

"The house is relatively cheap compared to others in the same neighborhood because it needs some repairs and renovations."

in a way that is very quick and often unexpected

"The river flowed rapidly downstream."

"The stock market prices rose rapidly, surprising investors with their swift and significant increase."

working by using the force of steam made from boiling water

"The engine is steam-powered."

"The steam powered locomotive was a revolutionary invention that transformed transportation in the nineteenth century."

a powered railroad vehicle that pulls a train along

"Steam locomotive used."

"The old steam locomotive is still used for tourist trips in the mountains during summer every year."

someone traveling in a vehicle, aircraft, ship, etc. who is not the pilot, driver, or a crew member

"The passenger in the back seat was not wearing a belt."

"Each passenger on the plane is allowed to bring one small suitcase and one personal item on board."

related to the manufacturing or production of goods on a large scale

"The city is industrial."

"The industrial city is known for its steel mills and factories that produce heavy machinery and equipment."

the period of time in the 18th and 19th centuries that machines were used for the first time for mass production of goods, started in Britain

"The industrial revolution changed factories."

"The industrial revolution accelerated urbanization and transformed global manufacturing systems permanently."

used to point out that something or someone is part of a set or group

"Everyone passed including me."

"The price of the meal includes drinks including coffee tea and soft drinks."

for the greatest part

"The decision was largely based on cost."

"The decision was largely based on cost rather than quality because the company had a very tight budget to work with."

related to or characteristic of the countryside

"They live in a rural area."

"The rural area had no traffic lights or crowded malls and the nearest grocery store was a thirty minute drive along winding country roads."

related to agriculture, farmers, or rural life

"The society is agrarian."

"The agrarian society depends on farming for its economy and most people live in rural areas and grow their own food."

(of a country or region) having undergone significant economic and technological development

"The country is industrialized."

"The industrialized countries have much higher carbon emissions than developing nations due to their factories and transportation systems."

to skillfully make something, particularly with the hands

"She crafts jewelry by hand."

"The artisan crafts beautiful wooden furniture by hand using traditional techniques passed down through generations of his family."

with the hands or physical effort rather than relying on machines or tools

"The letter was written by hand."

"The letter was written by hand with a fountain pen and the elegant script made the message feel personal and special."

the amount of something or the whole number of things in a group

"A large quantity of books."

"We need to determine the exact quantity of supplies required for the upcoming expedition into the wilderness."

any piece of equipment that is mechanical, electric, etc. and performs a particular task

"The machine works."

"This machine automatically sorts the packages."

the process of making or producing goods, especially in large quantities, typically using machinery or labor

"The manufacturing of cars is complex."

"The manufacturing process required precise quality control at every stage of production."

used to introduce further information

"In addition he volunteers at the hospital."

"In addition to his job he also volunteers at the hospital on weekends to help sick children."

the act or process of forming, producing, creating, or preparing something

"The making of the cake."

"The careful making of this handcrafted furniture takes many hours of dedicated work."

any type of knitted, felted or woven cloth

"The factory produces cotton textile for making shirts and other clothes."

"The textile industry in this region employs thousands of skilled workers every year."

the core principles or base upon which something is started, developed, calculated, or explained

"This is the foundation."

"A strong foundation in mathematics is essential for success in advanced scientific research."

having a connection to or originating in the Earth's atmosphere

"The atmospheric pressure dropped."

"The atmospheric conditions were perfect for stargazing because there were no clouds and the air was clear and dry."

at the initial state, purpose, or condition of something before any changes occurred

"Originally, it was blue."

"The document was originally intended to address environmental concerns but was later repurposed."

to make gas or liquid move in a certain direction using a mechanical action

"He pumps air into the flat tire."

"The heart pumps blood through the arteries to deliver oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body."

a deep hole or large tunnel in the ground where workers dig for salt, gold, coal, etc.

"They dug a mine."

"The ancient gold mine, abandoned for decades, still held whispers of forgotten riches."

belonging or relating to Scotland, its people, or the Gaelic language

"He wore a Scottish kilt."

"The festival featured traditional Scottish Highland dancing and bagpipe music."

to change something in a way that suits a new purpose or situation better

"We adapt quickly."

"Organisms must adapt to changing environmental conditions to survive and thrive in their habitats."

(of a system or machine) achieving maximum productivity without wasting much time, effort, or money

"This method is efficient."

"The efficient new washing machine uses less water and electricity than the old model which saves money on utility bills."

to generate the power necessary to make a machine work

"Electricity did drive the machine."

"The powerful electric motor will drive the industrial machinery at full capacity."

(of a country, region, or a process) to yield, supply, or bring forth

"The farm did produce apples."

"This fertile region is known to produce some of the finest wines in the world."

a method, product, way of doing something, etc. that is newly introduced

"The telephone was a major innovation."

"The company's innovation in battery technology gave it a competitive advantage over other manufacturers."

costumer's need or desire for specific goods or services

"Demand is increasing."

"As demand for electric vehicles increases manufacturers are investing billions of dollars in building new battery factories and expanding production capacity worldwide."

to cause engines or machines to operate, function, or perform their designated tasks

"Can you run the engine?"

"The mechanic will run the engine to check for any unusual noises or vibrations."

a system or method for carrying people or goods from one place to another by cars, trains, etc.

"Transportation is expensive."

"Public transportation in rural areas is often limited forcing residents to own cars if they want to commute to work or shop for groceries."

referring to the middle part of a decade, era, or period

"The mid-1980s were colorful."

"She was born in the mid-eighties, a time of significant cultural change."

to extend or increase in influence or effect over a larger area or group of people

"Ideas spread quickly now."

"The wildfire spread rapidly through the dry forest because of the strong winds."

to be subject to change in form, appearance, or nature

"The caterpillar did transform."

"The magical spell caused the humble frog to transform into a handsome prince."

describing the physical setting, culture, or lifestyle typically found in cities

"It is an urban area."

"The vibrant urban landscape offers a wealth of cultural experiences and diverse economic opportunities."

items made or produced for sale

"These goods are cheap."

"The store received a new shipment of high-quality goods from its international suppliers this morning."

involving or impacting a large number of things or people collectively

"Mass protests occurred."

"The mass production of goods has made many products cheaper but it has also led to environmental problems and waste."

a place where a certain activity, business, or interest is mostly gathered or focused

"The mall is the center."

"This city has become a major center for technological innovation and research."

in a manner accepted, used, or practiced by a large number of people or throughout many locations

"It is widely known."

"Her debut novel became widely acclaimed, earning her international recognition and praise."

used to indicate motion in a continuous direction on a surface or path

"We walked along the beach."

"We walked along the beach and collected seashells as the sun set over the ocean."

a long and artificial passage built and filled with water for ships to travel along or used to transfer water to other places

"Canal brings water to dry farms."

"The Panama Canal allows ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans without sailing around the southern tip of South America saving thousands of kilometers."

a set of mechanical parts or devices that transmit and control power or motion in a machine or vehicle

"The car's gear is stuck."

"The bicycle's gear system allowed the rider to climb hills more easily by shifting to a lower ratio."

a system of separate parts acting together in order to perform a task

"The machine has a mechanism."

"The intricate clockwork mechanism required a skilled artisan to repair it properly."

the energy that is obtained through different means, such as electrical or solar, to operate different equipment or machines

"We need more power."

"The city's continued growth depends on its access to reliable and affordable power."

one movement in a series of repeated actions where something moves back and forth or up and down

"A single stroke was enough."

"With a single, decisive stroke of the brush, the artist completed the masterpiece."

(technology) the origin or starting point of data, energy, or a process

"This is the source."

"The researchers traced the data back to its original source for verification."