Test 1 - Reading - Passage 2 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 19 Vocabulary List

used to introduce further information

"In addition he volunteers at the hospital."

"In addition to his job he also volunteers at the hospital on weekends to help sick children."

the act of taking revenge or responding to an injury or wrongdoing with a similar action

"The attack was in retaliation for the bombing."

"The attack was in retaliation for the bombing of their embassy last month."

a period during which an open war is underway

"Rationing was common during wartime."

"During wartime many factories converted from producing cars to making tanks and aircraft for the military."

a sheltered area of water along the coast where ships, boats, and other vessels can anchor safely, typically protected from rough seas by natural or artificial barriers

"The harbor is busy."

"The fishing boats returned to the harbor at sunset unloading their catch of cod and haddock onto the docks where buyers were already waiting."

as a response or exchange for something given or received

"He helped me and in return I helped him."

"He helped me move my furniture and in return I cooked him a nice dinner as a thank you."

capable of being easily moved or directed

"The boat is maneuverable."

"The small boat was highly maneuverable and could easily navigate through the narrow channels between the rocky islands."

in a favorable or approving manner

"She is a highly respected doctor."

"She is a highly respected doctor and many patients travel from far away just to see her."

specifically mentioned or identified by name

"The dog is named Max."

"The ship was named after the famous explorer who first mapped the coastline of the continent three hundred years ago."

related to the work of keeping or creating friendly relationships between countries

"She is diplomatic."

"The diplomatic solution avoided a war between the two countries and the leaders shook hands at the peace conference."

written communication exchanged between people, typically through letters or emails

"We maintained correspondence through letters."

"The two scholars maintained a lively correspondence for decades exchanging letters filled with ideas."

requiring immediate attention due to something's urgency or importance

"This is a pressing issue."

"The most pressing issue facing the city is the lack of affordable housing for low income families."

to create problems for someone, resulting in hardship

"Don't trouble me."

"May I trouble you for a moment of your time to ask a quick question about the project deadline?"

used to show that something happened or is true, even though there was a difficulty or obstacle that might have prevented it

"He won despite the rain."

"Despite the overwhelming odds, the determined team managed to secure a surprising victory in the championship game."

an action that causes a delay or interruption in the ongoing continuity of an activity or process

"The storm causes a major disruption in travel."

"The disruption caused by the storm delayed flights and closed highways for two days."

involving a particular region or geographic area

"The dish is regional."

"The regional dialect is different from standard English and uses words that outsiders might not understand."

the act of buying and selling goods and services, particularly between countries

"International commerce is growing."

"The new trade agreement is expected to significantly boost international commerce and create new economic opportunities."

an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, known for its rich history, ancient ruins, and a mix of Greek and Turkish cultural influences

"Cyprus is an island nation in the Mediterranean."

"The island of Cyprus was divided between Greek and Turkish communities since the nineteen seventies."

of or belonging to the present time

"This is a modern-day problem."

"The modern day equivalent of a scribe is a court reporter who types every word spoken during legal proceedings."

to cause someone suffering for breaking the law or having done something they should not have

"Parents must punish bad behavior appropriately."

"Parents should punish their children appropriately when they misbehave but physical violence is never an acceptable response."

belonging or relating to Egypt, or its people

"The pyramid is Egyptian."

"The Egyptian pyramids are thousands of years old and they still stand today as a testament to the incredible engineering skills of the ancient civilization."

in a way that arouses one's curiosity or attention

"Interestingly he speaks five languages."

"Interestingly he speaks five languages fluently and has lived in six different countries so far in his life."

an ancient Greek epic poem by Homer that tells the story of the Trojan War

"The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan War."

"The Iliad told the story of Achilles during the final weeks of the Trojan War."

an ancient Greek epic poem telling the story of Odysseus' long and adventurous journey home after the Trojan War

"The Odyssey describes the long journey home of Odysseus."

"The Odyssey described the long journey home of Odysseus after the fall of Troy."

to accept or forgive something that is commonly believed to be wrong

"I cannot condone such violent behavior."

"The school administration does not condone any form of bullying or harassment and any student found guilty will face serious consequences including possible expulsion."

to express admiration or approval toward something or someone

"Teachers praise hardworking students."

"The teacher praised the student for his creative solution to a difficult math problem that had stumped everyone else."

someone who studies or records historical events

"A historian studies and interprets the past."

"A revisionist historian challenges the established"

used to introduce an example of something mentioned

"For instance many birds fly south in winter."

"For instance many birds fly south for the winter to escape the freezing cold temperatures up north."

given an exaggerated or excessively favorable view, often elevating something to a higher status than it deserves

"His job is glorified."

"The movie presented a glorified version of war, making it seem exciting rather than tragic."

brave enough to take risks and do dangerous things

"The stunt was daring."

"The daring rescue mission saved the climbers who had been stranded on the mountain for three days."

the normal and routine activities and experiences that happen each day to people

"The museum displays objects from everyday life in the eighteenth century."

"The invention of the smartphone changed everyday life in ways no one had predicted."

having a senior, important, or authoritative position within a particular hierarchy or organization

"He is a high-ranking officer."

"The high ranking official was investigated for corruption and eventually resigned from his position in disgrace."

a person who is skilled at public speaking, especially one who delivers speeches in a formal or persuasive manner

"The orator moves the crowd with his speech."

"The orator delivered a moving speech that brought the entire audience to tears."

relating to Athens, its people, or its culture, especially in ancient Greece

"The Athenian temple is ancient."

"The Athenian philosopher Socrates greatly influenced the development of Western thought and ethics."

a senior official whose job is living in a foreign country and representing their own country

"The ambassador met the president."

"An ambassador is the highest-ranking diplomat who represents a nation in a foreign country"

abundance of money, property or valuable possessions

"His wealth comes from real estate investments."

"Her wealth came from a successful tech startup that she had founded in her twenties."

to place limits or boundaries on something to reduce its scope or size

"The company curtailed unnecessary expenses."

"The manager decided to curtail the meeting because everyone was tired and nothing productive was being discussed anymore."

to give up resistance or stop fighting against an enemy or opponent

"The army surrendered to the enemy."

"The enemy general finally agreed to surrender his troops after a long siege left his army with no food or ammunition remaining."

provided or controlled by the government

"The road is state-owned."

"The new state hospital was built to provide better healthcare services for all citizens."

to turn to or use something as a solution or means of help, especially as a last option

"Resort to violence."

"When all other options failed, they had to resort to drastic measures to save the business."

to give work to someone and pay them

"Companies employ workers for many jobs."

"The company decided to employ more than fifty new workers to meet the increasing demand for their popular products."

to be employed or work as a member of the military or armed forces

"They serve in the army."

"Many brave individuals choose to serve their country by enlisting in the armed forces."

to make a person or thing ready for doing something

"Prepare the vegetables for the soup."

"The chef will prepare a special seven course tasting menu for the guests at the exclusive dinner event tonight."

to increase or improve the progress, growth, or success of something

"We can boost sales now."

"The government implemented new policies designed to boost the struggling economy."

a person from Portugal or of Portuguese descent

"She is portuguese."

"The renowned chef, a proud portuguese, shared traditional recipes passed down through generations."

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

"This is a record."

"The library meticulously maintains a detailed record of every book accessioned into its collection."

the period during which a monarch, leader, or government has control or authority over a country or territory

"The king's rule was long."

"During the queen's long rule, the kingdom experienced a period of unprecedented peace and prosperity."

a short portion or segment taken from a larger work, such as a book, speech, or document

"Read this extract."

"The professor shared a fascinating extract from a historical document during the lecture."

someone who helps or supports someone else in certain activities or against someone else

"He is my ally."

"She found an unexpected ally in her colleague during the difficult project."

separate and different in a way that is easily recognized

"The colors are distinct."

"The distinct smell of coffee filled the room and everyone felt more awake."

significant in amount or degree

"It was substantial."

"The substantial increase in funding will allow the research team to pursue groundbreaking new avenues of study."

to refuse to accept a proposal, idea, person, etc.

"The school rejected his application."

"The university decided to reject his application because his grades were not high enough for admission."

a statement about the truth of something without offering any verification or proof

"That's just a claim."

"His lofty claim of expertise lacked any substantiating evidence or demonstrable qualifications."

to situate or establish as a central location for operations, activities, or planning

"We will base here."

"The expedition decided to base its operations from the remote mountain outpost."

to make someone feel confident or certain about someone or something

"She assures him of her support."

"The doctor tried to assure the worried patient that the surgery was completely safe and would not cause any permanent damage."

a person who is under the rule or authority of a monarch, government, or leader

"He is a subject."

"The king demanded absolute loyalty from every subject within his vast empire."

belonging or relating to Greece, its people, or its language

"He speaks greek."

"The philosopher's writings, originally in ancient greek, have influenced Western thought for centuries."

a specific historical, cultural, or social domain, often referring to a particular period or civilization

"This is a new world."

"The exploration of the New World brought about significant cultural and economic transformations."

a person who controls or leads a country, territory, or group of people

"The ruler was kind."

"The benevolent ruler implemented policies that greatly improved the lives of his subjects."

a specific part or side of something that is worth considering

"An important aspect."

"We need to consider every aspect of the problem before making a decision."

involvement in war, particularly using certain methods or weapons

"Modern warfare depends heavily on advanced technology"

"Modern warfare increasingly relies on drones and cyber attacks rather than ground troops."

a painting, piece of music or book that is produced by a painter, musician, or writer

"This is a great work."

"The artist's latest work, a powerful sculpture, has been widely acclaimed by critics."

coming immediately after a person or thing in time, place, or rank

"The following day was sunny."

"The following day after the storm the sun finally came out and people began to clean up the damage."

to take part in or become involved with something actively

"Let's engage in the game."

"She decided to engage actively in the community project to make a positive impact."

in regard to what someone has said or written

"According to the teacher we have homework."

"According to the weather forecast it will rain tomorrow so bring an umbrella."

a change or diversion from the planned path, often due to unexpected obstacles or circumstances

"Take a detour now."

"Due to unexpected road construction, we had to take a lengthy detour through the countryside."

to seize or get control of something by force

"The police managed to capture the fugitive."

"The police managed to capture the escaped convict after an intense chase through the crowded streets of the city."

located or provided on a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle

"The on-board computer is working."

"The on board computer in the car controls the navigation system and the entertainment features."

related to or characteristic of a political ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, equality, and government intervention for social welfare and economic opportunity

"She is liberal."

"The liberal policies aimed to expand social programs and ensure economic opportunity for all citizens."

a way of doing something or dealing with a problem

"This approach works very well."

"The new approach to teaching mathematics has helped students understand complex problems more easily than before."

to not oppose or prohibit something one does not like or agree with

"I tolerate noise."

"While the new policy was unpopular, the public had to tolerate its implementation for the time being."