Test 1 - Reading - Passage 3 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 19 Vocabulary List

to do something to avoid or decrease the harmful or unpleasant effects of something

"Counter the bad effects now."

"The company introduced a new product to counter the aggressive marketing of its main competitor in the industry."

creating and enforcing rules or regulations to control or govern a particular activity or industry

"The agency is regulatory."

"The regulatory agency fined the bank for violating consumer protection laws and ordered it to change its business practices immediately."

a mistake of thinking one event caused another just because it happened first

"The argument commits a post hoc fallacy."

"The post hoc fallacy assumed that because one event followed another it must have been caused by it."

the act of noticing or discovering that something has happened or exists

"Early detection of cancer saves lives."

"Early detection of cancer greatly improved the patient's chances of successful treatment."

to use airwaves to send out TV or radio programs

"The station broadcasts news hourly."

"The radio station will broadcast the live concert so fans can listen from home."

an agency responsible for protecting public health by regulating food, drugs, medical devices, and other related products

"The FDA approves new drugs for market."

"The Food and Drug Administration approved the new drug after reviewing clinical trial data."

large in quantity, extent, or degree

"The damage is considerable."

"The project required a considerable amount of time and money but the results were worth the investment."

the act of regularly checking or observing something to ensure it is functioning correctly or to gather information

"The patient requires constant monitoring."

"Continuous monitoring of the patient's heart rate was necessary during the dangerous surgery."

done before something else happens to prevent a problem or danger

"The army took preemptive action."

"The army launched a preemptive strike to prevent the enemy from attacking first."

the act of examining and removing or altering content that is considered offensive or harmful

"The government is censoring online content."

"Censoring of political speech was prohibited by the constitution in democratic countries."

to observe an activity in order to ensure that everything is done properly

"The manager oversees all daily operations here."

"The project manager will oversee the entire construction process to ensure that everything is completed on time and within budget."

a medication that needs a written order from a licensed healthcare provider to be bought because of its potential side effects and risks

"The prescription drug requires a doctor's order."

"A prescription drug is a medication that can only be obtained with a doctor's written authorization."

in a way that usually happens

"Typically, it rains."

"Typically, the conference is held in the spring, but this year it was moved to the fall."

a principle or instruction based on which a person should behave or act in a particular situation

"The guideline is clear."

"The safety guidelines clearly state that all workers must wear hard hats and safety goggles while in the construction zone."

(of an idea, intention, or act) deserving of admiration and praise, regardless of success

"Her effort is laudable."

"Her laudable efforts to help the homeless earned her an award from the mayor and the community thanked her for her kindness."

at the starting point of a process or situation

"Initially I did not like him."

"Initially I did not like him but after getting to know him better I realized that he is actually a very kind person."

to discover, meet, or find someone or something by accident

"I came across a book."

"While cleaning out the attic, I unexpectedly came across some old family photographs."

a discussion about a particular issue between two opposing sides, mainly held publicly

"The debate was intense."

"They held a debate about the new policy."

a situation that is difficult because a choice must be made between two or more options that are equally important

"She faced a serious career dilemma recently"

"She faced a dilemma accept the job in another city or stay with her aging parents."

in an orderly and tidy manner, with things arranged properly and cleanly

"She folded the clothes neatly."

"The secretary neatly organized the files on her desk and she could find any document within seconds because everything was in its proper place."

to give a short and simplified version that covers the main points of something

"Summarize the article in three sentences."

"The student was asked to summarize the three hundred page novel in just two paragraphs for the class assignment."

a person who studies or thinks deeply about fundamental questions concerning knowledge, existence, ethics, and reasoning

"The philosopher writes about ethics and morality."

"The philosopher spent his entire life contemplating questions about existence morality and knowledge."

showing opposing ideas or opinions that do not agree, causing confusion or disagreement

"The reports are conflicting."

"The conflicting reports made it impossible to know what really happened during the protest."

in a way that is based on observation, experience, or practical evidence rather than just theoretical ideas

"The theory was empirically proven."

"The theory was empirically proven by repeated experiments and scientists around the world confirmed the findings with their own research."

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

"She has cognitive abilities."

"Cognitive abilities such as memory and problem solving can be improved with regular mental exercise and challenging puzzles."

based upon observations or experiments instead of theories or ideas

"The evidence is empirical."

"The scientist relied on empirical evidence gathered from experiments rather than on theories or opinions that could not be tested."

in a way that prevents something from happening by taking action ahead of time

"The army attacked preemptively."

"The army attacked preemptively to prevent the enemy from launching their own assault first."

selling products or services directly to the customer, without using stores or other middlemen

"The brand is direct-to-consumer."

"The direct to consumer brand sells its products online without going through retail stores which keeps prices lower for customers."

in a manner that shows help, approval, or agreement for something or someone

"He spoke in support of the new law."

"He spoke in support of the new law and urged everyone to vote in favor of it."

for a very short time

"I will be with you momentarily."

"I will be with you momentarily as soon as I finish this phone call with an important client."

one or the other of two things or people, no matter which

"Either option is fine."

"Either you come with us now or you stay here alone because we are leaving."

a doubting or questioning attitude towards ideas, beliefs, or claims that are generally accepted

"He shows skepticism always."

"A healthy dose of skepticism is essential when evaluating unverified claims and conspiracy theories."

to be located in a particular place

"He will reside here."

"Many different species of birds reside in this vast and ancient forest."

to realize through the senses

"Perceive the change."

"From the subtle shift in his tone, I could perceive that something was troubling him."

a business or organization that provides services to other parties, especially by representing them in transactions

"The agency helped."

"The agency arranged the trip and answered all the questions."

the act of officially informing someone about something, usually in writing

"Get notification."

"You will receive a notification on your phone when your order is ready for pickup."

the purpose or intended use of something

"What is its function?"

"The primary function of this device is to regulate air quality within the building."

a set of actions and responsibilities that are assigned to a person or group within a specific context

"What is your role?"

"Her role as the project manager was crucial to the successful completion of the complex assignment."

a paid announcement that draws public attention to a product or service

"I saw the advertising."

"The company invested heavily in advertising to promote their new product during the holiday season."

the act of breaking a legal code

"Traffic violation fined."

"He received a fine for a serious traffic violation last week from the police officer."

an attempt to do something, particularly something demanding

"His great effort helped team win."

"She made a strong effort to finish the work on time."

to come across or meet someone or something, often unexpectedly or by accident

"I encounter issues."

"While hiking, they unexpectedly encounter a rare species of bird in the forest."

of great extent or intensity

"The support is tremendous."

"The tremendous support from the community helped the family rebuild their home after the devastating fire."

to make an educated guess about how likely something is to happen

"We estimate the cost."

"The experts will estimate the potential impact of the new policy on the economy."

more than average, but not too much

"The test was fairly easy."

"The test was fairly easy and most students finished it well before the time was up."

to assign a quality to someone or something in order to categorize them

"They label him lazy."

"It is unfair to label individuals based on stereotypes rather than their actual performance."

to obtain or earn something desired or needed, typically through effort or skill

"He will garner praise."

"Through years of dedicated practice, the artist managed to garner critical acclaim for his unique style."

the noticeable difference or opposition between two or more things that are compared

"What is the contrast?"

"The stark contrast between the bustling city and the quiet countryside was quite striking."

to provide evidence or support for a particular conclusion or viewpoint

"I will argue this."

"The lawyer will argue that the evidence presented is insufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt."

to refuse to accept a proposal, idea, person, etc.

"The school rejected his application."

"The university decided to reject his application because his grades were not high enough for admission."

if something happens by default, it happens because one has not made any other decision or choices that would make things happen differently

"He won by default."

"If no other candidate emerges, the incumbent mayor will, by default, serve another term."

after a particular event or time

"He quit his job and subsequently moved away."

"He quit his job and subsequently started his own business which became very successful within a few years."

used to indicate the method or channel by which something is done

"We went through the door."

"The information was disseminated through a network of trusted intermediaries, ensuring its accurate transmission."

a general description of an idea, a theory, or an event

"Give an account."

"The historian provided a detailed account of the major events leading to the revolution."

the act of participating or being actively involved in something

"What is your engagement?"

"The community's engagement in the local environmental initiative has led to significant positive changes."

the act of making something visible or known to the public

"Public exposure is key."

"The artist sought public exposure for her groundbreaking work through a series of exhibitions."

to process or convert information into a format that can be stored, understood, or used later

"We encode the data."

"The software will encode the video files into a more compressed format for easier transmission."

to label or identify someone or something with a specific descriptive term or nickname

"They tag the photos."

"The journalist decided to tag the controversial politician with a nickname that quickly gained public traction."

qualities, skills, or abilities that help someone manage challenges or accomplish tasks

"She has great resource."

"Her personal resourcefulness allowed her to overcome the unexpected obstacles during the expedition."

the way something is built or organized, including the arrangement of its parts

"See the building structure."

"The complex structure of the ancient city revealed advanced architectural planning and engineering."

a system of separate parts acting together in order to perform a task

"The machine has a mechanism."

"The intricate clockwork mechanism required a skilled artisan to repair it properly."

following the same course of action or behavior over time

"Stay consistent always."

"His story is consistent every time he tells it so I believe he is telling the truth."