Test 3 - Reading - Passage 1 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 19 Vocabulary List

indicating a large number of something

"He has numerous friends."

"There are numerous reasons to exercise regularly including better health more energy and improved mood."

a man-made object, tool, weapon, etc. that was created in the past and holds historical or cultural significance

"The museum displays a 2000-year-old artifact."

"Archaeologists discovered an ancient artifact that provided insight into the daily lives of early humans."

a small piece or part that has broken off from a larger whole, often referring to objects or materials

"Small pottery fragment."

"Archaeologists found a small pottery fragment that provided important information about ancient civilization."

the bivalve shell of a clam, characterized by two symmetrical halves that hinge together

"Children collected a beautiful clamshell yesterday"

"She used the clamshell as a decoration."

before the present moment or a specific time

"I previously worked at a bank."

"I previously worked at a bank for five years before I decided to change careers and become a teacher."

at, in, or to another place

"The store moved elsewhere on the same street."

"The store moved elsewhere on the same street so you just need to walk a little further down."

in a favorable or approving manner

"She is a highly respected doctor."

"She is a highly respected doctor and many patients travel from far away just to see her."

a narrow boat that is light and has pointed ends, which can be moved using paddles

"Paddle wooden canoe."

"They paddled the canoe down the calm river enjoying the peaceful sound of birds singing."

used to introduce a result based on the information or actions that came before

"Thus the experiment was a success."

"Thus the experiment was a success and the scientists published their findings in a prestigious medical journal."

(of a place) close to another

"We visited neighboring towns."

"The neighboring countries signed a trade agreement that allows goods to cross the border without taxes or delays."

to have origins or existence that extends to a specific earlier time

"The ruins date back centuries."

"The ancient ruins date back to the time of the Roman Empire over two thousand years ago."

including or covering a wide range or scope

"The book is encompassing."

"The museum's new exhibit offers an encompassing look at the history of space exploration, from early rockets to modern missions."

having happened, started, or been done only a short time ago

"This is a recent photo."

"The recent storms caused severe flooding in the low lying areas and many residents had to evacuate their homes in the middle of the night."

one of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world

"Mammoths roamed the earth during the last ice age."

"An ice age is a long interval of global cold where continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers dramatically expand."

a situation in which two things happen simultaneously by chance that is considered unusual

"It is a coincidence that we wear the same shirt."

"It was a strange coincidence that both sisters wore the same dress to the party without planning it."

to skillfully make something, particularly with the hands

"She crafts jewelry by hand."

"The artisan crafts beautiful wooden furniture by hand using traditional techniques passed down through generations of his family."

as a reaction or answer to something

"In response to your letter I am writing back."

"In response to your question I can tell you that we are working on the problem."

exceptionally strong and durable

"The truck is heavy-duty."

"The heavy duty truck can carry up to ten tons of cargo and it is used for transporting construction materials across the country."

the act of making small changes in something, usually for an enhancement

"We made a slight modification to the design."

"The modification to the engine increased horsepower but reduced fuel efficiency significantly."

in a manner that is gradually growing in degree, extent, or frequency over time

"The weather is increasingly getting warmer."

"The weather is increasingly getting warmer each year due to climate change caused by human activities."

a small to medium-sized marsupial mammal known for its prehensile tail, nocturnal behavior, and ability to play dead as a defense mechanism

"The possum played dead."

"The possum plays dead when threatened lying motionless with its tongue hanging out for hours."

any living thing that is able to move on its own, such as an animal, fish, etc.

"The ocean creature glowed in the dark."

"The deep ocean is home to bizarre creatures that have adapted to extreme pressure darkness and cold including fish with transparent heads and glowing lures."

a rare, tree-living animal with thick fur and a long tail, found only in a small part of Indonesia, known for moving slowly and living alone in the forest

"Rothschild's cuscus lives alone."

"Rothschild's cuscus is a rare, tree-living animal found only in Indonesia."

a tool with a long wooden handle attached to a heavy steel or iron blade, primarily used for chopping wood and cutting down trees

"Chop the wood."

"He used an ax to split the firewood into smaller pieces that would fit easily into the wood stove in his cabin."

to determine or figure out when something happened or was created

"We can date this."

"Scientists are attempting to date the ancient manuscript using advanced carbon-14 analysis techniques."

without being exact

"Roughly half of the students passed."

"Roughly half of the students passed the exam while the other half failed and will have to retake it."

located close to a particular place or within a short distance

"We ate at a nearby restaurant."

"The nearby town was evacuated when the forest fire spread rapidly and residents were told to leave immediately."

to the same extent or degree, used in comparisons to show equality or intensity

"As tall as a giraffe."

"She is as smart as her brother, who always gets top marks in class."

the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas into a congruous object of thought

"This is the construction."

"The careful construction of the argument relied heavily on empirical evidence and logical reasoning."

to make something stay in the same state or condition

"Maintain the car's condition."

"It is important to maintain a positive attitude even when facing significant challenges."

a means of transportation that is used by a passenger after getting off a previous one to continue their journey

"The connection was missed."

"We missed our connection and had to wait for the next flight."

a level or tier within a complex system, idea, or structure, often imagined as having depth or hierarchy

"The onion has many layers."

"Beneath the surface, the complex theory possessed several intricate layers of meaning."

an item that provides lasting evidence or information about past events, actions, or conditions

"This is a record."

"The library meticulously maintains a detailed record of every book accessioned into its collection."

not capable of being entered, pierced, or passed through

"The forest is impenetrable."

"The impenetrable jungle was so dense that the explorers had to use machetes to cut through the thick vines and undergrowth."

in a way that carries particular importance or meaning, often in relation to the context

"The temperature dropped significantly overnight."

"The temperature dropped significantly overnight and we had to turn on the heater to keep warm."

used to say that something is likely to happen or is true

"No doubt he is guilty."

"No doubt he is guilty of the crime because all of the evidence points directly to him."

(of plants) existing and growing densely close together with little space in between, creating a lush and impenetrable area

"The jungle was thick."

"The thick undergrowth made it nearly impossible to navigate through the dense forest."

in regard to what someone has said or written

"According to the teacher we have homework."

"According to the weather forecast it will rain tomorrow so bring an umbrella."

used to indicate a preference between two alternatives, often suggesting one option is chosen over the other

"He chose tea rather than coffee."

"I would prefer to walk rather than take the bus because I need some exercise."

the hard empty outer body of an oyster, clam, etc., often found on a shore

"The child holds the seashell to her ear."

"The empty seashell was home to a hermit crab that retreated inside when approached."

despite the fact that; even though

"While it rained, we played."

"While the initial results were disappointing, the team remained optimistic about achieving their long-term goals."

the hard protective case or covering of some animals such as a snail, mussel, crab, or turtle

"The turtle has a hard shell."

"The snail retreats into its protective shell when it senses danger, seeking refuge from predators."

a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object

"The knife has a sharp edge."

"Be careful not to cut yourself on the sharp edge of the newly cut glass."

to dig the ground and discover something

"They unearthed an ancient artifact."

"Archaeologists worked diligently to unearth the buried city and uncover its historical secrets."

more than any other thing

"The city is mainly residential."

"The population is mainly composed of young people who work in the technology and service industries."

a small plot of land that is used for growing a particular type of crops or plants

"A small vegetable patch."

"The garden had a small patch of mint that grew so vigorously that it threatened to take over the entire vegetable plot."

to create a path or open space by removing obstacles or objects in the way

"Please clear the table."

"The emergency services worked quickly to clear the debris from the collapsed building."

to wear down or shape something through repetitive friction or abrasion

"Sand grinds the stone."

"Constant friction will grind down the metal components over extended periods of time."