Test 1 - Reading - Passage 2 (3) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 19 Vocabulary List

to prevent something from moving or progressing

"The rain hampered our progress."

"The heavy snowstorm could hamper the rescue efforts and delay the arrival of emergency supplies to the affected area."

increasing in degree, number, or height

"The rising cost of living."

"The rising popularity of electric vehicles is a positive sign for the environment."

the fact or state of existing or being objectively real

"The existence of life on other planets is debated."

"The existence of extraterrestrial life remained unproven despite decades of searching the cosmos."

a surprise attack against a place or a group of people

"The police raid arrested several suspects."

"The police conducted a surprise raid on the building and arrested several people for drug dealing."

a person who is excessively or completely controlled by someone or something, often implying a lack of freedom or autonomy

"He felt like a slave."

"Addicted to gambling, he became a slave to his destructive habit, losing all control."

very necessary for a particular purpose or situation

"Water is essential."

"It is essential to drink plenty of water every day to keep your body healthy and hydrated."

the process of extracting valuable minerals or other materials from the earth

"Coal mining is dangerous work."

"The mining town was abandoned after the ore veins ran out and the jobs disappeared."

to not interfere with or bother someone or something, and to allow them to be as they are

"Please leave me alone today."

"Please leave your little brother alone so he can finish his homework without any distractions."

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

"Every citizen has the right to vote."

"A responsible citizen always follows the laws and helps improve the community."

the upper chamber of the United States Congress, responsible for lawmaking, oversight, and approval of appointments

"The Senate voted on the bill."

"The Senate debated the issue late into the night."

a person who is responsible for a crime or wrongdoing

"The police finally caught the culprit."

"The police quickly identified the culprit using fingerprints left at the crime scene."

feeling more confident or courageous, often as a result of encouragement or support

"She felt emboldened."

"The emboldened protesters returned to the streets after the government released their leaders from prison without any charges."

to take someone away and hold them in captivity, typically to demand something for their release

"The criminals planned to kidnap the child."

"The criminal planned to kidnap the wealthy businessman's daughter and demand a large ransom for her safe return."

a person of importance in society due to high rank

"The foreign dignitary arrives at the palace."

"The foreign dignitary was greeted at the airport by government officials and a military honor guard."

an amount of money demanded or paid for the release of a person who is in captivity

"They paid the ransom."

"The kidnappers demanded a substantial ransom for the safe return of the abducted businessman."

used for emphasizing that a person or thing that is going to be mentioned will surprise the listener or reader

"The winner was none other than my brother."

"The surprise guest at the party was none other than the famous actor himself in person."

carried out jointly by multiple individuals or groups

"We made a concerted effort."

"The team made a concerted effort to finish the project before the deadline."

an area of a city or country with given official borders used for administrative purposes

"This district is busy."

"The financial district is crowded during weekdays but becomes almost empty on weekends because most workers stay home with their families."

as a result of actions or treatment carried out by a particular person or group

"He suffered at the hands of his enemy."

"The prisoner suffered cruel treatment at the hands of his captors for many months."

positioned near the sea or the ocean

"The museum is maritime."

"The maritime museum displays models of famous ships and artifacts recovered from shipwrecks in the nearby ocean waters."

the refusal to accept or acknowledge something, especially when it is true or obvious

"His denial of the crime convinces no one."

"His denial of any wrongdoing was contradicted by security camera footage of the incident."

the state of being part of something or having a connection with it

"Her involvement in the project is minimal."

"Her involvement in the charity began when she volunteered at a local food bank."

a short reference to someone or something, often made in speech or writing without giving many details

"He did not make any mention of the incident."

"The report did not make any mention of the safety violations found during the inspection."

the resources or activities upon which an individual or household depends for their sustenance and survival

"Fishing is his main livelihood."

"Fishermen lost their livelihood when the river became too polluted for fish to survive."

easily perceived by the mind or senses

"It is evident."

"It was evident from his red eyes that he had been crying before the meeting started."

used to introduce an opposing statement

"It was raining nevertheless we went out."

"It was raining heavily nevertheless we went out because we had already bought tickets for the concert."

to cause something to occur

"The accident resulted in injuries."

"The heavy rainfall could result in serious flooding in low lying areas near the river."

someone held prisoner by a person or group who will be set free if the demands of that person or group are met

"The hostage was freed yesterday."

"The bank robber took three employees hostage during the attempted robbery and threatened to hurt them."

a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something

"Nota bene means "note well" in Latin."

"The nota bene at the bottom of the page warned readers about an important exception."

(of a business or organization) to function or work in a specific place or in a particular manner

"The shop will operate."

"This small business aims to operate efficiently with minimal overhead costs."

to be obligated to do something because it is demanded by a law or rule

"You require a ticket."

"All visitors are required to present valid identification before entering the secure facility."

to gain something positive, advantageous, or beneficial from a situation or action

"The company profited from the deal."

"The shrewd investor was able to profit handsomely from the sudden rise in the price of the company's shares."

not subject to significant change or decline

"The economy is steady."

"The steady rain continued for three days and the farmers worried that their crops would be damaged by flooding."

the business of using the land to grow and take care of crops and livestock

"This is agriculture."

"Modern agriculture employs advanced technology to increase crop yields and improve sustainability."

a mutual understanding or agreement established between people

"We made an arrangement."

"After much discussion, they reached a satisfactory arrangement regarding the division of responsibilities."

small, hard seeds that are harvested from cereal plants and used as a food source

"This grain is good."

"Whole grain bread is a healthier alternative to white bread, providing essential nutrients."

a specific opinion on something

"Give your voice now."

"It is important for citizens to voice their concerns about public policy."

to ask something from someone in an urgent and forceful manner

"The workers demand fair wages."

"The protesters gathered outside the government building to demand immediate action on climate change policies."

at or to a more advanced point or stage

"Let's discuss further."

"We need to investigate this matter further to understand all the contributing factors involved in the incident."

well-known or easily recognizable due to importance, influence, or distinct features

"He is a prominent figure."

"The prominent scientist was invited to speak at the international conference about climate change and its effects on coastal cities."

to remain functional beyond a certain period or expected lifespan

"The old house will outlive."

"Despite numerous renovations, the historic building managed to outlive its original structural integrity."

to formally give something, often after careful consideration or approval, especially in a manner that acknowledges its significance or importance

"They will grant permission."

"The committee will grant an award to the scientist whose research promises significant advancements in renewable energy."

very great in amount or number

"The desert is vast."

"The vast desert stretched as far as the eye could see and the travelers carried plenty of water for the long journey."

to fight or contend against someone or something, often in a physical or armed conflict

"They will combat the enemy."

"The local government has introduced several new laws to combat the rising levels of pollution effectively."

someone or something that causes or is likely to cause danger or damage

"The storm was a menace."

"The aggressive dog was considered a menace to the neighborhood children playing outside."

only relating or belonging to one person

"This is my personal opinion."

"This is my personal diary so please do not read it without asking me first."

authority or control over people, resources, or operations

"He has command."

"The general exercised complete command over his troops during the challenging military campaign."

to distribute or provide something to others

"They assign tasks."

"The manager will assign specific responsibilities to each team member for the upcoming project."

to remove something harmful, unwanted, or immoral from a person, place, or system

"We need to cleanse the room."

"The new policy aims to cleanse the system of corruption and inefficiency."

a specific course of action that is performed in order to accomplish a certain objective

"This is a long process."

"The manufacturing process has been optimized to reduce waste and improve quality."

armed forces or soldiers, especially by large numbers

"A troop marched past."

"Reinforcing troops arrived overnight, bolstering the defenses of the besieged city."

to assign or establish a specific place or position for something

"We will locate the house."

"The archaeologists worked to locate the ancient ruins described in the legend."

to have or hold something within or include something as a part of a larger entity or space

"This box contains old photographs."

"The old wooden box contained many valuable treasures that had been hidden for centuries."

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

"This is a reference to the book."

"The author made a direct reference to a previous study to support her argument."

a series of organized activities that are intended to achieve a particular goal

"It was a campaign."

"The political campaign aimed to raise awareness about environmental protection issues."

to complete or conduct a task, job, etc.

"They carry out the plan carefully."

"The scientist needed special permission to carry out his dangerous experiment safely."

any vehicle designed for travel across or through water

"Large cargo vessel arrived."

"The cargo vessel carried thousands of shipping containers across the Pacific Ocean to Los Angeles."

a person or group that exercises administrative or controlling power over others

"The authority said no."

"The regulatory authority issued new guidelines for financial institutions."

items made or produced for sale

"These goods are cheap."

"The store received a new shipment of high-quality goods from its international suppliers this morning."

to guess the value, number, quantity, size, etc. of something without exact calculation

"She estimates the cost of repairs."

"The contractor estimated that the repairs would cost approximately five thousand dollars and take two weeks to complete."

the typical way a person thinks or feels about something or someone, often affecting their behavior and decisions

"Her attitude is positive."

"His positive attitude towards challenges helped him succeed where others gave up after facing initial difficulties or setbacks."

to think about someone or something in a specified way

"I regard it highly."

"Many people regard him as the best doctor in the city because he has saved so many lives."

a particular way of seeing or understanding something

"What is your view?"

"From my view, investing in renewable energy is the only sustainable path forward."

to provide something needed or wanted

"We supply food."

"The factory will supply the necessary components for the new product."

a strong request or demand for something to happen, often expressed publicly

"There was a call for help."

"The organization issued a strong call for immediate humanitarian aid to the affected region."