Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 (1) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 18 Vocabulary List

the first of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned

"He likes the former."

"Between the two proposals, the former offers a more immediate and tangible benefit to the community."

to reach an opinion or decision based on available evidence and one's understanding of the matter

"I infer this from facts."

"From the evidence presented in the report we can infer that the company is likely to go bankrupt soon."

to give special attention or importance to something

"Give special attention to this."

"The speaker will emphasize the key takeaways from the presentation for everyone to remember."

anything that blocks or slows progress

"Major impediment to success."

"Lack of funding was the major impediment to completing the important research project on time last year."

to think about something or someone all the time, in a way that makes one unable to think about other things

"Do not obsess over your past mistakes."

"Some people obsess over small details and spend hours trying to make everything absolutely perfect."

to examine or study something in detail in order to explain or understand it

"The scientist will analyze the data."

"The scientist spent months analyzing the data collected during the experiment to draw meaningful conclusions."

used to indicate exclusion of a particular thing or person

"Aside from rain, we went."

"Aside from a few minor issues the project was a complete success and finished on time."

a person who collects, analyzes, and interprets numerical data

"The statistician studies numbers."

"A skilled statistician is crucial for drawing accurate conclusions from complex datasets in scientific research."

(statistics) an unrestricted variable in a frequency distribution

"It has one degree of freedom."

"In this statistical model, the number of degrees of freedom determines the shape of the t-distribution curve."

a set of attitudes, beliefs, or a mental disposition that influences how a person interprets and responds to situations

"You need a positive mindset."

"Having a positive mindset helps people overcome many difficult challenges in life."

become settled or established and stable in one's residence or life style

"The plant took root."

"After years of traveling, she was finally ready for her ideas to take root in a stable community."

the ability to correctly utilize thought and reason, learn from experience, or to successfully adapt to the environment

"Artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly."

"Emotional intelligence was the ability to recognize understand and manage one's own emotions and those of others."

(of a quality or skill) gained from the moment that one was born

"She has innate talent."

"Her innate talent for music was evident from a young age and she could play the piano without any formal lessons."

to replace something, especially by force or through competition

"New tech supplants old."

"The advent of smartphones has largely supplanted the need for separate digital cameras for most casual photographers."

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

"She has cognitive abilities."

"Cognitive abilities such as memory and problem solving can be improved with regular mental exercise and challenging puzzles."

the ability or potential of doing something or achieving a certain goal

"The machine has great capability."

"She has great capability to solve complex problems quickly and efficiently even under strong pressure."

to measure or express something as a number or amount

"It is hard to quantify happiness."

"It is difficult to quantify the exact amount of emotional damage caused by such a traumatic experience."

a person with strong intellectual abilities, often working in a field that requires deep thought and knowledge

"He is a deep thinker."

"The philosopher, a renowned thinker, spent his life contemplating the nature of reality and human existence."

a general concept or belief

"The notion of time travel fascinates him."

"The notion that success required sacrificing happiness was a belief she strongly rejected."

inseparable essential part or quality of someone or something that is in their nature

"The risk is inherent."

"The inherent risk of skydiving is that the parachute might fail but most jumps are safe when proper equipment is used."

the events or situations that are predetermined or inevitable for a person, often believed to be controlled by a higher power

"It is her destiny."

"She felt a strong pull towards her destiny, believing that certain events were meant to unfold for her."

someone whose job is to teach people

"The educator received an award for teaching excellence."

"The dedicated educator spent extra hours after school helping struggling students understand difficult math concepts."

to a specific degree, particularly when compared to other similar things

"The house is relatively cheap."

"The house is relatively cheap compared to others in the same neighborhood because it needs some repairs and renovations."

encouraging or inspiring action or behavior

"The speech was motivational."

"Her motivational talk inspired the team to overcome their doubts and strive for excellence."

a large printed picture or notice, typically used for advertising or decoration

"Poster is large printed advertisement."

"The movie poster featured the actor's face and the release date in large bold letters at the bottom."

relating to or used in sports

"This is sporting equipment."

"Despite the odds, the underdog team had a sporting chance of winning the championship match."

to persuade someone to do something by being kind and gentle, especially when they may be unwilling

"She coaxed the cat out of the tree."

"The mother tried to coax her young child into eating his vegetables by promising him a small piece of chocolate cake for dessert afterward."

something that serves to show, suggest, or point to a fact, condition, or situation

"It is an indication."

"The dark clouds were a clear indication that a severe thunderstorm would arrive within the next hour."

a specialist in the theory of education

"The educationalist advised the school."

"The educationalist proposed innovative teaching methods to improve student engagement and learning outcomes."

to develop something using certain facts, ideas, situations, etc.

"Base your decision on evidence."

"The movie is based on a true story about a soldier who saved many lives during the war."

to gradually establish an idea, feeling, etc. in someone's mind

"Good teachers instill a love of learning."

"The father tried to instill a love of reading in his children by taking them to the library every single week."

in a manner that occurs multiple times

"He repeatedly asked the same question."

"He repeatedly asked the same question even though the teacher had already answered it several times clearly."

invalid or not legally recognized

"The contract is null."

"If the conditions are not met, the entire agreement will be declared null and void by the court."

to handle a difficult situation and deal with it successfully

"She learned to cope with anxiety."

"She learned various techniques to cope with stress after attending several mindfulness and meditation workshops."

to do a particular thing or have the qualities needed for being punished or rewarded

"She deserves a promotion for her hard work."

"She deserves a promotion because she has worked very hard and achieved excellent results for the company this year."

to not be understood, noticed, or appreciated by someone, even though it was intended to be

"The humor was lost on me."

"His elaborate explanation of the complex theory was unfortunately lost on most of the audience members."

in a way that connects or contrasts two simultaneous actions, events, or conditions

"Meanwhile, he slept."

"She was preparing dinner in the kitchen, while meanwhile, the children were playing in the garden."

to accept something as a challenge

"She will take on new responsibilities."

"The young manager decided to take on new responsibilities despite having limited experience in that area."

to apply or utilize a device, tool, or method for a specific purpose

"We will implement the change."

"The company plans to implement a new software system to streamline its customer service operations."

happening continuously without stopping for a long time

"The noise is constant."

"The constant noise from the construction site made it impossible to concentrate on my work or take a nap."

to position someone or something on a scale based on importance, quality, etc.

"She ranks first in her class."

"The university ranks among the top ten in the country for its engineering and computer science programs."

a notable feature or quality that defines or describes something

"Kindness is a characteristic."

"A calm voice is one of her most noticeable characteristics."

a state of disagreement between people's opinions, actions, or personalities, often resulting in tension

"There was dissonance between their words and actions."

"The cognitive dissonance experienced by the student made it difficult to reconcile their beliefs with their actions."

to clap one's hands as a sign of approval

"We applaud you."

"The audience began to applaud enthusiastically after the stunning performance."

to provide abstract or intangible things, such as punishments, compliments, judgments, advice, etc., to someone

"The judge handed out sentences."

"The teacher asked the assistant to hand out the test papers to all the students before the exam began."

a goal that someone tries to achieve

"We reached target."

"They set a target for sales this year."

the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order

"The implementation of the plan."

"The successful implementation of the new software system required extensive training for all employees."

cruel and unkind toward others

"The criticism was harsh."

"The teacher's harsh words made the student cry because she told him that his essay was terrible and that he would never become a good writer."

to say that something is the case without providing proof for it

"He claims he is innocent."

"The politician made a bold claim about economic growth without providing any supporting evidence."

information or facts collected to be used for various purposes

"The survey collected a lot of data."

"Analyzing big data requires sophisticated algorithms and powerful computational resources."

to a very close amount or situation

"We are just about ready."

"We are just about ready to leave for the airport and we will be there in plenty of time for our flight."

the process of physical, mental, or emotional development

"The plant shows growth."

"The rapid growth of the city has led to significant infrastructural challenges."

someone who originates or causes or initiates something

"She is the author."

"The brilliant author penned a novel that quickly became a bestseller worldwide."

to have a specific opinion or belief about someone or something

"I hold this view."

"Despite the prevailing opinion, many people continue to hold strong beliefs about the importance of traditional values."

a personal belief or judgment that is not based on proof or certainty

"My view is simple."

"From my personal view, the proposed changes would significantly impact the community's well-being."

supporting and encouraging positive change and advancement

"They support progressive ideas."

"The organization advocates for progressive policies aimed at improving social welfare and equality."

to change and become stronger or more advanced

"Children develop new skills quickly."

"Children develop language skills at different rates so parents should not worry if their child speaks later than others."

used to indicate that something is provided or accepted as a basis for a particular situation or argument

"Given the circumstances he did well."

"Given his age he is surprisingly fit and healthy and still runs every morning."

to regard someone or something in a specific way

"I see it differently."

"Many people see the new policy as a positive step forward."

to mention something to make it stand out

"Note the time."

"Please note the critical importance of adhering to the strict safety regulations during the experiment."

an attempt to do something, particularly something demanding

"His great effort helped team win."

"She made a strong effort to finish the work on time."

as a result or logical outcome

"Subsequently, we left."

"The initial experiment failed, but subsequently, we refined our methodology with success."

to conduct an experiment or test again, often under the same conditions, in order to verify or confirm the results

"Replicate the test."

"Researchers attempted to replicate the groundbreaking experiment to confirm its validity and findings."

an action, treatment, or manipulation that is introduced by researchers to test its effects on variables of interest

"The intervention helped."

"The experimental intervention showed promising results in improving patient recovery times."

a detailed and careful consideration and examination

"This is a study."

"The scientific study investigated the complex relationship between diet and cardiovascular health."

a broad or comprehensive mental perspective or view

"A broad landscape."

"From the mountaintop, we had a panoramic landscape of the entire valley below."

to strongly reject or oppose something

"People revolt against injustice."

"The citizens began to revolt against the oppressive regime, demanding fundamental human rights and freedoms."