Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 18 Vocabulary List

to grow crops or raise animals using agricultural techniques to improve production

"They farm the land."

"Many families in the region continue to farm their ancestral lands, cultivating traditional crops."

in a way that usually happens

"Typically, it rains."

"Typically, the conference is held in the spring, but this year it was moved to the fall."

fit in or on an existing structure, such as an older house

"We will retrofit the house."

"The company decided to retrofit the old factory with modern energy-efficient lighting systems."

a standard or expectation that guides behavior within a group or society

"This behavior is outside the social norm."

"Working from home became the norm for many office employees during the pandemic lockdowns."

a person or organization that provides money or resources to a business or project with the expectation of making a profit

"The investor put money into the startup."

"The smart investor made good decisions and earned a large profit from the stock market last year."

the process of modifying the visible features of an area of land, such as adding plants, changing the terrain, or constructing structures, to improve its aesthetic appeal or make it more functional

"The landscaping looks really beautiful."

"The company hired a professional team to handle the landscaping around the office building and create a welcoming garden."

the process of removing excess water or other liquids from an area or system, typically through a network of pipes, channels, or natural slopes

"The drainage system prevents flooding."

"The soil around the house has poor drainage so water often pools in the garden after heavy rainfall."

a rule or law that limits what one can do or the thing that can happen

"The restriction is strict."

"The restriction stopped visitors from entering."

an action that causes a delay or interruption in the ongoing continuity of an activity or process

"The storm causes a major disruption in travel."

"The disruption caused by the storm delayed flights and closed highways for two days."

deserving of time, effort, or attention due to inherent value or importance

"The effort is worthwhile."

"The worthwhile project required many hours of volunteer work but the results made a real difference in the community."

high level of skill, knowledge, or proficiency in a particular field or subject matter

"Her expertise was great."

"A center of expertise is a dedicated team within an organization that provides deep"

a principle or idea that is abstract

"The concept is simple."

"The concept of supply and demand is fundamental to understanding how prices are determined in a market economy."

to give someone or something the means or ability to do something

"Technology enables people to work remotely."

"The scholarship enabled her to attend university because she could not afford the tuition fees without financial assistance."

a piece of equipment, usually placed on a roof, that absorbs the energy of sun and uses it to produce electricity or heat

"The solar panel works."

"Installing a solar panel on your roof can significantly reduce your household's electricity bills."

to increase something to the highest possible level

"We need to maximize our profits."

"The company restructured its operations to maximize profits and reduce unnecessary expenses across all departments."

the existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment

"The Coral Triangle is a global center of marine biodiversity."

"Biodiversity refers to the incredible variety of life on Earth at all levels"

a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something

"Nota bene means "note well" in Latin."

"The nota bene at the bottom of the page warned readers about an important exception."

currently present or in operation

"The existing building is old."

"We must address the challenges posed by the existing infrastructure before planning any new developments."

capable of convincing others to do or believe something particular

"She is persuasive."

"The persuasive salesman convinced me to buy the extended warranty even though I knew that I probably would not need it."

the probability or chance of something occurring

"The likelihood of rain is high."

"There is a high likelihood that it will rain heavily tomorrow according to the weather forecast."

to handle a difficult situation and deal with it successfully

"She learned to cope with anxiety."

"She learned various techniques to cope with stress after attending several mindfulness and meditation workshops."

the state of being able to be used, obtained, or accessed

"Check the availability of the room."

"The product availability is very good in all major stores across the country."

the total area that the surface of a three-dimensional object occupies

"Calculate surface area."

"We calculate the surface area of the cube to find how much paint we need."

a group that animals, plants, etc. of the same type which are capable of producing healthy offspring with each other are divided into

"The panda is a critically endangered species."

"This particular species of orchid is extremely rare and can only be found in a small region of the Amazon rainforest."

to gain skills or knowledge in something

"He acquired new skills quickly online."

"After saving money for several years he finally managed to acquire the rare painting that he had always wanted for his collection."

an example of a certain kind of situation

"This is a common case."

"In this particular case, the evidence strongly suggests innocence."

a person who offers to do something, often without being asked or without expecting payment

"He is a volunteer."

"As a volunteer, she dedicated her weekends to assisting the elderly at the community center."

information that should be kept in mind when making a decision

"Give it consideration."

"The committee needs to give careful consideration to all potential risks before approving the new development."

happening or done frequently

"I am a regular customer."

"He is a regular customer at the coffee shop and the barista already knows his order without him having to say anything."

the act of setting up or establishing a system, equipment, or machinery for use

"The installation took time."

"The professional installation of the new software system ensured optimal performance and security."

to make someone feel certain about the truth of something

"Convince me that it is true."

"The lawyer worked diligently to convince the judge of his client's innocence."

a person or company that prepares a piece of land for residential or commercial use

"The developer built houses."

"The property developer plans to transform the abandoned industrial site into a vibrant mixed-use residential area."

to design or create a new idea, product, system, or concept

"We will develop it."

"The company aims to develop innovative solutions to address pressing global challenges."

to express the quantity, level, or extent of something using numerical values

"Measure the length."

"Scientists carefully measure the atmospheric pressure to predict upcoming weather patterns."

to build a house, bridge, machine, etc.

"The workers construct the new bridge."

"The workers need to construct a solid foundation before they can begin building the walls of the new house."

in a manner suited to the occasion or respectful of expected behavior or norms

"Act properly please."

"It is important to behave properly during formal occasions and respect cultural norms."

to work or perform properly

"The machine functions perfectly after repair."

"The old television still functions properly even though it was manufactured more than twenty years ago."

to back up or form the basis of an argument by providing support

"Evidence underpins his scientific theory."

"The basic principles of justice and equality underpin the entire legal system and ensure that all citizens are treated fairly."

a slight or noticeable change or alteration from the normal or standard state of something

"There is a variation."

"A slight variation in the recipe resulted in a surprisingly different, yet delicious, flavor."

the event of rain falling from the sky

"The rainfall was heavy."

"Heavy rainfall caused flooding in several parts of the city."

a unified whole created by joining or mixing two or more distinct elements or parts together

"A good combination."

"The chef's signature dish is a delicious combination of sweet and savory flavors."

(of an animal or plant) living or growing in a natural state, without any human interference

"The horse is wild."

"The wild horses ran freely across the open plain and no one had ever been able to tame them despite many attempts."

an overall way in which something is changing or developing

"New trend became popular."

"The trend in sales continued for months."

full of energy, enthusiasm, and life

"The city is vibrant."

"The city's vibrant nightlife attracts young people from all over the country who come to enjoy the music."

the system in which money, goods, and services are produced or distributed within a country or region

"The economy is very important."

"A strong economy depends on a well-educated workforce, stable policies, and consistent investment in infrastructure development."

an obstacle that separates people or hinders any progress or communication

"Language barrier exists."

"The language barrier made communication difficult between the tourists and local people in the foreign country."

to succeed in solving, controlling, or dealing with something difficult

"He must overcome his fear of heights."

"She managed to overcome her fear of public speaking by practicing regularly and joining a supportive group."

in a manner that is environmentally practical in the long term, without draining resources or causing harm

"Live sustainably now."

"Many businesses are now striving to operate more sustainably to reduce their environmental impact."

to make an exact copy of something

"Please replicate this drawing."

"The artist was asked to replicate the intricate details of the original painting for the museum's exhibition."

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

"This is a reference to the book."

"The author made a direct reference to a previous study to support her argument."

to help or support the progress or development of something

"They promote equality."

"The organization works tirelessly to promote understanding and cooperation among diverse cultural communities worldwide."

the first of a series of actions

"This is a new initiative."

"The government launched a new initiative aimed at improving public transportation and reducing traffic congestion."

using resources wisely and efficiently and minimizing waste and unnecessary expenses

"This car is economical."

"Choosing an economical mode of transport can significantly reduce your monthly budget and environmental impact."

to grow plants or crops, especially for farming or commercial purposes

"They cultivate corn."

"Farmers must skillfully cultivate the land to maximize their crop yields."

a variety of things that are different but are of the same general type

"A wide range of colors."

"The store offers an impressive range of artisanal cheeses from various European countries."

to organize or arrange something in a systematic and orderly way to ensure efficiency or compliance

"Please regulate the speed."

"The government decided to regulate the import of foreign goods to protect domestic industries."

to produce energy, such as heat, electricity, etc.

"The turbine generates electricity for homes."

"The solar panels generate enough electricity to power the entire house during the sunny summer months."

to provide something needed or wanted

"We supply food."

"The factory will supply the necessary components for the new product."