Test 3 - Reading - Passage 3 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 18 Vocabulary List

based upon observations or experiments instead of theories or ideas

"The evidence is empirical."

"The scientist relied on empirical evidence gathered from experiments rather than on theories or opinions that could not be tested."

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

"Her status is socioeconomic."

"The socioeconomic status of a family affects the quality of education healthcare and housing that they can afford for their children."

to establish deeply and firmly, often making something difficult to change or remove

"The habit entrenched itself."

"The new policies were designed to entrench the company's market position and deter competitors."

a significant disagreement or separation between two groups, often causing tension or conflict

"The divide grew wider."

"The political divide between the two parties became so pronounced that compromise seemed impossible."

able to have much impact on someone or something

"He is influential."

"The influential book changed the way people thought about economics and its ideas are still debated by experts today."

a judgment or calculation of the size, extent, value, etc. of something without knowing the exact details or numbers

"Give an estimate."

"They gave an estimate for the repairs."

having the ability or capacity to do something

"She is a capable worker."

"The capable young woman managed the entire project by herself and finished it ahead of schedule and under budget."

showing a variety of distinct types or qualities

"The group is diverse."

"The diverse student body represents many different cultures and backgrounds and everyone learns from each other."

a person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual

"He is my peer."

"As a member of the House of Lords he is considered a peer of the realm."

extremely important or essential

"This step is crucial."

"The crucial piece of evidence was found by a detective who noticed a small detail that everyone else had missed."

not praised, appreciated, or respected for one’s achievements

"His work was unrecognized."

"Despite his groundbreaking research, the scientist's contributions remained largely unrecognized by the wider academic community."

referring to mental processes involved in understanding, thinking, and remembering

"She has cognitive abilities."

"Cognitive abilities such as memory and problem solving can be improved with regular mental exercise and challenging puzzles."

the quality or condition of being new, recently made, harvested, or experienced

"The freshness of the bread is remarkable."

"The freshness of the baked bread was evident from its warm crust and soft interior."

the act of communicating or working together with someone or something

"Social interaction is important for mental health."

"Social interaction is important for mental health and helps prevent feelings of loneliness and isolation."

involving or done by two or more parties working together toward a shared goal

"The project is collaborative."

"The project is collaborative and involves three different departments working together as a team."

much less

"It's expensive, not to mention."

"The journey was long and arduous, not to mention the constant threat of bad weather."

causing a negative consequence or cost to someone or something in order to benefit another

"He succeeded at the expense of his health."

"He achieved success at the expense of his health because he worked too hard."

not welcoming or willing to do something because it is undesirable

"I am reluctant to go."

"I am reluctant to lend him money because he never paid me back the last time I helped him out."

suitable or acceptable for a given situation or purpose

"That is not appropriate."

"That is not appropriate behavior for a formal dinner so please apologize to the host immediately."

something that serves to show, suggest, or point to a fact, condition, or situation

"It is an indication."

"The dark clouds were a clear indication that a severe thunderstorm would arrive within the next hour."

a belief about what is likely to happen in the future, often based on previous experiences or desires

"Expectation was high."

"The expectation of success made them work even harder."

(of a person or area) facing challenging circumstances, especially financially or socially

"The program helps disadvantaged children."

"The program helps disadvantaged children by providing free meals and tutoring after school."

(of an activity) making one feel satisfied by giving one a desirable outcome

"Teaching is rewarding."

"Teaching can be a rewarding career because you have the opportunity to make a positive difference in young people's lives."

to succeed in reaching a goal, after hard work

"She will attain her dream."

"Through consistent effort and unwavering determination, he managed to attain his long-held ambition."

a study that combines and examines the results of many separate studies on the same topic to find overall patterns or conclusions

"The meta-analysis confirmed the trend."

"The meta-analysis of numerous clinical trials provided strong evidence for the drug's effectiveness."

related to an education theory that says learners build their own understanding and knowledge through active experience, reflection, and interaction with others.

"The theory is constructivist."

"The constructivist theory of learning suggests that students build knowledge through experience rather than passively receiving information."

to lead one to believe or consider that something exists or is true

"It suggest a problem."

"The subtle changes in the patient's behavior suggest a deeper, underlying medical condition that needs investigation."

very small in amount or degree, often the smallest possible

"The damage is minimal."

"The minimal amount of rain this summer caused a drought and the farmers lost most of their crops."

to categorize or organize something into specific groups or classifications

"Assign students to groups."

"The manager decided to assign the tasks based on each team member's specialized skills."

to be likely to develop or occur in a certain way because that is the usual pattern

"She tends to arrive late daily."

"Young children tend to imitate the behavior of their parents and other adults around them."

at or to a more advanced point or stage

"Let's discuss further."

"We need to investigate this matter further to understand all the contributing factors involved in the incident."

capable of adjusting easily to different situations, circumstances, or needs

"My schedule is flexible."

"The flexible work schedule allows employees to choose their own hours as long as they complete their tasks each week."

a specific part or side of something that is worth considering

"An important aspect."

"We need to consider every aspect of the problem before making a decision."

to convey or communicate a message, idea, or emotion to someone effectively

"He got over the idea."

"It was difficult to get over the message of hope to the despondent audience."

to function in a specific way

"The machine will operate soon."

"This new software is designed to operate efficiently across multiple platforms."

the means whereby some act is accomplished

"This is a tool."

"The new software proved to be an invaluable tool for streamlining our workflow."

to have a particular quality, attribute, knowledge, or skill

"She can possess great talent."

"To excel in this field, one must possess a unique blend of creativity and technical skill."

a system of knowledge organized into interconnected elements

"The structure is complex."

"The novel's intricate structure confused many readers with its non-linear narrative."

to transfer knowledge, traditions, or skills to another person or group, often to ensure they are preserved or continued

"Pass on the old stories."

"The grandfather wanted to pass on his knowledge of woodworking to his grandson before he got too old to teach him properly."

to learn to perform or use a skill or ability thoroughly and completely

"Master this new skill."

"She dedicated years to diligently master the intricate techniques of classical ballet."

a great enthusiasm directed toward achieving something

"She worked with great zeal to finish the project before the deadline."

"He pursued his dream of becoming a chef with incredible zeal and determination."

a stage in a process or a grade in a scale

"This is the next step."

"The next step in the process involves submitting the completed application form for review."

the process or activity of exchanging information or expressing feelings, thoughts, or ideas by speaking, writing, etc.

"Communication is very important."

"Good communication helps people understand each other clearly."

to quickly grow in a successful way

"This plant flourishes in direct sunlight."

"The small business flourished under the new management because they introduced innovative products and excellent customer service."

a group of people, often with something in common

"A bunch of friends."

"A happy bunch of tourists gathered at the landmark, eager to explore the city's attractions."

a person employed to keep watch for some anticipated event

"The sailor climbs the mast to act as a lookout."

"The sailor climbs the mast to act as a lookout and spots land on the distant horizon."

to explain something by providing examples, doing experiments, etc.

"He will demonstrate the machine."

"The scientist will demonstrate the effectiveness of the new vaccine through a series of controlled laboratory experiments."

to deal with a situation or problem successfully

"She can handle the pressure well."

"The customer service representative was trained to handle complaints calmly and find satisfactory solutions for clients."

to cause disorder or disturbance in something that was previously orderly or calm

"The storm will disrupt the game."

"Unexpected technical failures can significantly disrupt the smooth operation of the entire production line."

impacting or involving a wide and diverse group of people

"This is broad news."

"The new policy will have a broad impact on all citizens across the nation."

to provide conditions or opportunities that help someone or something succeed

"The system will favor you."

"The government introduced measures to favor small businesses during the economic recovery."

to apply or utilize a device, tool, or method for a specific purpose

"We will implement the change."

"The company plans to implement a new software system to streamline its customer service operations."

help or support given to someone to achieve something

"The elderly woman needs assistance with shopping."

"The elderly woman needed assistance with grocery shopping because she could not lift heavy bags."

to present and emphasize reasons against a particular idea or suggestion

"Point out the flaws."

"The critic was quick to point out the numerous logical inconsistencies in the author's argument."

the result obtained when one quantity considered in relation to the whole

"What is the proportion?"

"The proportion of students who passed the exam was significantly higher than in previous years."

having no distinctive charactristics

"The house is average."

"The average temperature in this city during summer is around twenty five degrees Celsius which is very pleasant for outdoor activities."

the details about someone's family, experience, education, etc.

"What is your background?"

"Understanding her diverse professional background helps explain her innovative approach to problem-solving."

an opinion or feeling that one has about someone or something, particularly one formed unconsciously

"The impression was strong."

"His first impression was positive and friendly."

(of a person) showing a lack of confidence and having doubts about something

"He is uncertain."

"The student felt uncertain about the exam questions, hesitating before attempting to answer them."

to gain skills or knowledge in something

"He acquired new skills quickly online."

"After saving money for several years he finally managed to acquire the rare painting that he had always wanted for his collection."

something that is given or regarded as more important than others

"This is a priority."

"Ensuring the safety and well-being of all citizens must be the highest priority for any government."