Test 3 - Reading - Passage 1 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 18 Vocabulary List

to take into consideration, particularly in decision making

"Factor in the time."

"When planning your budget, it's important to factor in unexpected expenses that might arise."

a fuel that is found in nature and obtained from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago, such as coal and gas

"Coal is fossil fuel."

"Burning fossil fuel releases large amounts of carbon dioxide, which contributes significantly to global warming."

to be understandable in a way that is reasonable

"This makes good sense."

"Her explanation of the complex scientific theory finally made sense to the students after she used visual aids."

indicating potential for success or positive outcomes

"The future is promising."

"The young scientist's promising research could lead to a cure for a deadly disease."

not proved

"The claim is unproven."

"The unproven theory lacked experimental evidence and other scientists were skeptical until more research could be conducted."

existing or available in large quantities

"The harvest is abundant."

"The abundant wildlife in the national park attracted nature lovers and photographers from all over the world."

an organization focused on a specific field of study or training, offering programs and services related to science, technology, medicine, business, or the arts

"The research institute receives government funding."

"The research institute employed over five hundred scientists studying climate change and renewable energy."

to come to a decision or judgment after considering evidence, arguments, or facts

"They reached a conclusion quickly."

"After reviewing all the evidence and listening to witness testimonies, the jury finally reached a conclusion about the case."

at the current moment or during the existing time

"At present I am busy."

"At present I am busy with another project so I cannot take on any additional work right now."

producing good results without costing too much

"The solution is cost-effective."

"Investing in energy-efficient appliances is a cost-effective way to reduce household utility bills over time."

a basic substance used in manufacturing or production that has not yet been processed or refined

"Lumber is the raw material for paper production."

"Iron ore is the primary raw material used in the production of steel worldwide."

a lack of something needed, such as supplies, resources, or people

"There is a shortage."

"The water shortage during the dry season forced the town to limit how much water each household could use daily."

something that serves to show, suggest, or point to a fact, condition, or situation

"It is an indication."

"The dark clouds were a clear indication that a severe thunderstorm would arrive within the next hour."

to think of someone or something in a particular way

"I regard him as a friend."

"Many people regard him as the best doctor in the city because he has saved countless lives."

having a tendency or inclination toward something

"He is prone to injury."

"The old house is prone to flooding during heavy rains so the owners installed a sump pump in the basement."

referring to or considering a specific aspect or factor

"In terms of price this is better."

"In terms of quality this product is much better than the cheaper alternative on the market."

a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something

"Nota bene means "note well" in Latin."

"The nota bene at the bottom of the page warned readers about an important exception."

having similarities that justify making a comparison

"The prices are comparable."

"The quality of this product is comparable to much more expensive brands but it costs half the price and lasts just as long."

as a result of a specific cause or reason

"The game was canceled due to rain."

"Due to the bad weather the flight was delayed for over three hours at the airport."

used to point out that something or someone is part of a set or group

"Everyone passed including me."

"The price of the meal includes drinks including coffee tea and soft drinks."

fine solid particles of ash that are carried into the air when fuel is combusted

"Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion."

"Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion and is used to make concrete stronger."

the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities

"Slag is waste material."

"Slag is the waste material removed during the process of smelting iron and other metals."

an ore from which iron can be extracted

"Iron ore is mined in large open pits."

"Iron ore is mined in large open pits and then smelted to produce steel for buildings."

fueled by burning coal

"The plant is coal-burning."

"The coal burning power plant released large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and environmentalists called for its closure."

a large building in which electricity is made

"The power plant closed down."

"A power plant is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power on a large"

the process of heating and melting rocks or ores to take out metals from them

"Smelting extracts metal from its ore."

"The smelting process extracted pure metal from ore by heating it to very high temperatures."

consolidating two or more things; union in (or into) one body

"The incorporation of ideas helped."

"The successful incorporation of the two companies created a larger, more competitive entity."

a group of elected people who govern a city, town, etc.

"The council voted on the issue."

"The council met to discuss local transport and public services."

any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted

"The waste product from the factory pollutes the river."

"The waste product from the factory pollutes the river and kills fish living downstream."

to send goods or individuals from one place to another using some form of transportation

"The company ships products."

"The company will ship your order within two business days after receiving payment confirmation from the bank."

a specific manner of considering something

"What is your perspective?"

"From his unique perspective, the political situation appeared much more complex."

a method, product, way of doing something, etc. that is newly introduced

"The telephone was a major innovation."

"The company's innovation in battery technology gave it a competitive advantage over other manufacturers."

a social gathering or event, often formal or noteworthy

"What an affair!"

"The royal wedding was a grand affair attended by dignitaries from around the globe."

new and unlike anything else

"This is a novel idea."

"The scientist proposed a novel method for purifying water that had never been tried before in this region."

to successfully overcome or manage a problem or a difficult situation

"They will break through."

"Despite numerous setbacks, the determined team managed to break through the complex challenges of the project."

the act of opposing or refusing to accept something one disapproves of or disagrees with

"They showed resistance to the plan."

"The citizens' strong resistance to the new policy ultimately led to its withdrawal by the government."

to consist of or include several different elements or parts

"It can contain much."

"The report will contain a detailed analysis of market trends and consumer behavior."

having the possibility to develop or be developed into something particular in the future

"He has potential."

"The potential benefits of the new treatment outweigh the risks and the doctors recommended that the patient try it."

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

"This is a reference to the book."

"The author made a direct reference to a previous study to support her argument."

(of buildings) having many floors

"The apartment is in a high-rise building."

"The apartment is in a high rise building on the thirtieth floor with a great view."

something that we think is true or real

"My belief is strong."

"Her unwavering belief in her own abilities propelled her towards achieving her ambitious objectives."

to reach the same level or ability as someone or something else

"You equal me."

"No other athlete can equal her record-breaking performance in the last Olympics."

to think that something is true without having proof or evidence

"Assume he is wrong."

"Do not assume that everyone shares your opinions because people come from different backgrounds and have various perspectives."

to present goods or services for purchase to potential buyers

"The store will offer discounts."

"The company decided to offer a new line of eco-friendly products to attract environmentally conscious consumers."

the amount of money spent to do or have something

"The company is cutting down on travel expense."

"Traveling to another country for a conference is a major expense for a small startup company."

to situate or establish as a central location for operations, activities, or planning

"We will base here."

"The expedition decided to base its operations from the remote mountain outpost."

to place something in a container or place that can be securely fastened with a lock

"Lock away your valuables."

"It is advisable to lock away all important documents and expensive jewelry when you are away on vacation."

an area in which something acts, operates, or has influence or control

"The range is very wide."

"Her expertise covers a wide range of scientific disciplines, from theoretical physics to applied engineering."

a product made during the manufacture of something else

"This is a useful byproduct."

"The production of biofuel creates a valuable byproduct that can be used as fertilizer."

to include something as part of a larger whole or system

"Incorporate these changes into the document."

"The architect plans to incorporate many eco friendly features into the design of the new office building."

the ability of an object or material to withstand wear, pressure, or damage over time, without significant deterioration

"High durability needed."

"This material was chosen because of its excellent strength and high durability for outdoor use."

to mention something to make it stand out

"Note the time."

"Please note the critical importance of adhering to the strict safety regulations during the experiment."

the proportion of a substance in an alloy or mixture

"Check the content of the metal."

"The precise content of gold in the alloy determines its karat value and overall purity."

with everything considered

"Overall, it was good."

"Overall, the conference was a resounding success, fostering collaboration and generating innovative ideas."

the process of thinking carefully about risks, outcomes, or effects before making a decision or taking action

"The calculation was careful."

"After careful calculation, they decided the investment was too risky to pursue."

the series of stages something goes through from the beginning to the end of its use or existence

"It has a short life cycle."

"Understanding the product's life cycle is crucial for effective marketing and sustainable development."

following established practices or standards that are widely accepted or commonly used

"This is a conventional method."

"The company decided to stick with conventional marketing strategies instead of innovative ones."