Test 1 - Reading - Passage 2 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 18 Vocabulary List

a plant or tree's branches and leaves collectively

"Autumn foliage covered the hiking trail beautifully"

"The autumn foliage turned beautiful shades of red and gold."

(of a space) filled with things or people

"The train is crowded."

"The crowded train made it difficult to find a seat and many passengers had to stand for the entire journey."

an insect or small animal that destroys or damages crops, food, etc.

"The pest ate it."

"The farmer battled the persistent pest that threatened to destroy his entire harvest of corn for the season."

any organism that can cause diseases

"A pathogen is a tiny germ that can make you very sick."

"Scientists identified a new pathogen that had been spreading rapidly throughout the local community."

to reduce the severity or seriousness of something unpleasant

"This cream will ease muscle pain."

"The new software update should ease the process of transferring files between different devices quickly."

having strength and good mental or physical health

"He is very vigorous."

"The vigorous exercise routine helped him build strength and improve his overall physical condition."

the unexpected start of something terrible, such as a disease

"The outbreak spread quickly"

"The outbreak spread quickly through the city overwhelming hospitals and health services"

to reduce the density of something

"Thin the sauce with some water."

"You need to thin the paint with a little bit of water before applying it to the wall to avoid streaks."

a young plant that develops from a seed, typically in the early stages of growth after germination

"The gardener planted each seedling very carefully"

"Each seedling was transplanted into its own small pot to ensure it had enough space to grow."

someone trained in forestry

"The forester manages the health of the woodland."

"The forester assessed the health of the trees and recommended thinning the overcrowded stands."

(of systems, structures, or arrangements) divided into two distinct parts or groups

"The system is two-tier."

"The two tier system separates students into different levels based on their test scores and some educators believe this is unfair."

the act of diluting something

"Thinning the forest allows more light to reach the ground."

"Thinning the forest allowed remaining trees more light and space to grow larger."

the act of removing

"The removal of the tumor is successful."

"The removal of asbestos from the old building required specialized contractors and safety equipment."

center upon

"The story centers on a detective."

"The plot of the novel centers on a young detective trying to solve a mysterious disappearance case."

the act of keeping something that one already has

"Customer retention is key."

"The company has a high retention rate because employees are happy with their working conditions."

the black or brownish substance consisted of organic remains, rock particles, and clay that forms the upper layer of earth where trees or other plants grow

"Plants need good soil to grow."

"The farmer tested the pH level of the soil to determine which crops would grow best in that particular field."

any animal that lives by hunting and eating other animals

"The lion is a powerful predator."

"A predator is an animal that hunts"

a bird with a drill-like beak that makes holes in trees in search of insects to feed on

"A woodpecker pecked at the tree trunk."

"The woodpecker drilled holes into the tree trunk searching for insects hidden beneath the bark."

a class of animals to which humans, cows, lions, etc. belong, have warm blood, fur or hair and typically produce milk to feed their young

"A dog is a mammal."

"A whale is a marine mammal, not a fish, because it breathes air and feeds milk to its young."

the ability to recover from difficult situations

"The community shows great resilience after the disaster."

"The resilience of coastal communities after the hurricane was remarkable as they rebuilt quickly."

a shrub or small tree of the family of rose with small red fruits

"The hawthorn hedge is full of red berries."

"The hawthorn hedge was covered in white flowers in spring and red berries in autumn."

to remain in a location while others depart

"I will stay behind."

"Since I have a late flight, I'll stay behind at the hotel and meet you all at the airport tomorrow."

any living thing that is able to move on its own, such as an animal, fish, etc.

"The ocean creature glowed in the dark."

"The deep ocean is home to bizarre creatures that have adapted to extreme pressure darkness and cold including fish with transparent heads and glowing lures."

a Latin phrase (or its abbreviation) used to indicate that special attention should be paid to something

"Nota bene means "note well" in Latin."

"The nota bene at the bottom of the page warned readers about an important exception."

having the most importance or influence

"This is primary goal."

"The primary reason for the company's success is its excellent customer service and commitment to quality products."

the top part of a tree or other plant

"The tree has a green crown."

"The dense crown of the ancient oak tree provided ample shade on the hot summer day."

the extent or degree to which something is covered or included

"Check the coverage area."

"The insurance policy offers comprehensive coverage for natural disasters and unforeseen accidents."

to grow or be made again

"Lizards can regenerate their tails."

"Some species of lizards can regenerate their tails after losing them as a defense mechanism against predators."

to customize or modify something to fit an individual or market's specific preferences

"We tailor the suit."

"The company decided to tailor their marketing strategy specifically to the preferences of the younger demographic."

(of a farm or an industry) to grow or produce a crop or product

"This tree yields delicious fruit every year."

"The fertile land is expected to yield a bountiful harvest of corn and soybeans this season."

a particular set of actions conducted in a certain way

"This is the procedure."

"Following the established procedure is crucial for ensuring the integrity of the scientific investigation."

to make an effort to achieve or obtain something

"I seek help."

"Many individuals seek personal fulfillment through creative expression and intellectual challenges."

a haphazard distribution in all directions

"The spread was wide."

"The rapid spread of the rumor caused widespread panic among the citizens."

fully-grown and physically developed

"The fruit is mature."

"The mature oak tree provided ample shade for the picnic area in the park."

to make something stable, secure, or permanent in a specific place or position

"We establish a base."

"The company plans to establish its new headquarters in the city center next year."

to cause something to remain as a result

"This will leave a mark."

"The unexpected event will leave a lasting impression on everyone involved in the situation."

in the initial phase of existence or development

"The child is young."

"The young puppy chewed on the furniture because he was teething and his owner bought him some toys to distract him."

a precise or identifiable position within a continuum, sequence, or process

"This is the point."

"At this critical point in the negotiation, a compromise seemed increasingly unlikely."

the season or period during which crops are collected from the fields

"The harvest was good."

"Farmers eagerly anticipate the autumn harvest, hoping for bountiful yields after a long growing season."

to arrive at a certain stage or point in a process

"We come in now."

"After months of preparation, the team will come in for the final stage of the competition."

to distribute something among different time periods or individuals

"Spread out the tasks."

"The manager decided to spread out the workload among the team members to prevent burnout."

a branch or a part of a tree that is dead

"That is deadwood."

"We need to remove the deadwood from the tree to ensure its healthy growth."

to categorize or group something based on shared characteristics or qualities

"Classify these items."

"The librarian will classify the new books according to their genre and subject matter."

a chemical element or inorganic compound that green plants absorb and incorporate into their organic molecules to support growth and metabolism

"Plants need nutrient."

"Adequate nutrient availability is essential for optimal plant growth and development."

to go through a complete series of events or stages in a cyclical or repetitive manner

"The seasons cycle."

"The planet continues to cycle through its predictable phases of development and decay."

a natural empty space or hollow area inside the body

"There is a cavity in his tooth."

"The dentist discovered a small cavity in the molar that required immediate attention."

relating to or concerned with the morphology of plants and animals

"The structural analysis is complex."

"The biologist focused on the structural differences between the two species of insects to understand their evolutionary paths."

the presence of a variety of distinct characteristics within a group

"The city is known for its cultural diversity."

"The city is famous for its rich cultural diversity and harmonious coexistence of different communities."

a mention or citation of something, often to provide context or support for an idea

"This is a reference to the book."

"The author made a direct reference to a previous study to support her argument."

a defining or distinctive feature of something

"The most interesting aspect is the historical context."

"One important aspect of the job was the ability to work well under pressure."

to be one of the causes or reasons that helps something happen

"He will contribute money."

"His insightful comments will contribute significantly to our final decision-making process."

the assigned or estimated value of something, without necessarily specifying a particular quantity or amount

"The painting is worth a million dollars."

"The old painting was worth far more than the auction house's initial estimate."

to say something about someone or something, without giving much detail

"Did he mention the meeting time?"

"The article mentioned several studies that support the claim but did not provide specific details about their methodologies."

having the possibility to develop or be developed into something particular in the future

"He has potential."

"The potential benefits of the new treatment outweigh the risks and the doctors recommended that the patient try it."

to cause engines or machines to operate, function, or perform their designated tasks

"Can you run the engine?"

"The mechanic will run the engine to check for any unusual noises or vibrations."

available as an option for something else

"We need an alternative route."

"We need an alternative route because the main road is closed for construction."

to cause or give rise to something

"Generate more power."

"The new technology is designed to generate clean energy from renewable sources."

during a period of time

"Across the river."

"The team worked tirelessly across the entire night to complete the critical project."

a variety of things that are different but are of the same general type

"A wide range of colors."

"The store offers an impressive range of artisanal cheeses from various European countries."

to specify or list something by giving its name

"Name the colors."

"Please name the primary colors used in this artistic representation of nature."