Test 4 - Reading - Passage 3 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 18 Vocabulary List

the creation of theories or opinions about something with no fact or proof

"Wild speculation about the future."

"There was widespread speculation about the cause of the fire but investigators had not yet determined whether it was an accident or arson."

someone who writes the story about the events of someone's life

"Biographer writes life story."

"The dedicated biographer meticulously researched every detail of the famous author's fascinating life."

(of measurements, information, etc.) free from errors and matching facts

"The information is accurate."

"The accurate weather forecast predicted rain for today and sure enough it started pouring at noon."

to develop into a recognizable or distinct form or structure

"Our plans are beginning to take shape."

"The new building is beginning to take shape now that the steel framework has been completed."

to believe something to be the case

"I am of the opinion."

"Most of the committee members are of the opinion that the proposed budget increase is necessary for continued growth."

considering things from a past point of view

"The decision seemed wrong retrospectively."

"The decision seemed wrong retrospectively but at the time the manager had no way of knowing what would happen in the future."

an event that happens by chance, especially a fortunate one

"They meet by happenstance at the train station."

"They meet by happenstance at the train station and discover they are both waiting for the same delayed train."

admired and valued by others for one's qualities, achievements, or actions

"She is a respected doctor."

"She is a respected doctor and her patients trust her because she is knowledgeable and caring."

surpassing anything that has been done before, particularly beyond any previous record

"The jump was record-breaking."

"The record breaking heat wave caused power outages and many people sought shelter in air conditioned buildings."

a discussion about a particular issue between two opposing sides, mainly held publicly

"The debate was intense."

"They held a debate about the new policy."

presenting danger or threat, particularly to people's health or safety

"The chemicals are hazardous."

"The hazardous chemicals must be stored in a locked cabinet away from children."

to make sure that something will happen

"Seat belts ensure passenger safety always."

"Please check the door twice to ensure that it is locked before you leave the house for your vacation."

having enough of something to meet a particular need or requirement

"We have sufficient food."

"The company needs to demonstrate sufficient progress before it can secure the next round of funding."

to be understandable in a way that is reasonable

"This makes good sense."

"Her explanation of the complex scientific theory finally made sense to the students after she used visual aids."

an abrupt event that stops or disrupts something in progress

"An interruption to the show."

"The sudden interruption during the important meeting annoyed everyone in the conference room yesterday."

a decision to reverse an earlier decision

"His change of mind surprises everyone at the meeting."

"His change of mind surprises everyone at the meeting because he had strongly opposed the idea before."

restored to a new condition

"She has renewed energy."

"The renewed interest in vinyl records has led to the opening of new pressing plants and record stores across the country."

to require or involve certain actions, conditions, or consequences as a necessary part of a situation or decision

"The job entails frequent travel abroad."

"The new job will entail a great deal of travel to different countries which may be exciting but also exhausting."

a person or thing that does not follow a general rule or is excluded from a class or group

"There is an exception."

"Children under five are usually granted an exception to the museum's admission fee."

a mental factor that impacts actions or decisions

"His teacher has a strong influence on his career."

"His teacher has a strong influence on his career and encourages him to study marine biology."

to help something progress or succeed

"We will advance the project."

"The new funding will significantly advance the research and development of this groundbreaking technology."

an individual with whom one has established a professional or personal relationship, typically for the purpose of obtaining information, assistance, etc.

"I lost contact with my old friend."

"Please make contact with the client as soon as possible to discuss the new project details."

a room in a house where a person reads or writes something

"I work in study."

"He spent hours in his quiet study, surrounded by books, researching for his next novel."

a fact or piece of information gathered by noticing or watching something carefully

"This is my observation."

"My careful observation of the patient's behavior revealed subtle but significant changes."

covering a wide range, indicating thoroughness or comprehensiveness

"This is extensive work."

"The research involved an extensive review of historical documents to understand the societal impact of the industrial revolution."

having a comparable nature, structure, or function to something else

"It is parallel."

"The two historical events, while occurring in different centuries, share a remarkably parallel trajectory."

to develop from a simple form to a more complex or sophisticated one over an extended period

"Species evolve over long periods."

"The company's business model has evolved significantly over the past decade to keep up with changing market demands and new technologies."

in a resolute, determined, or unwavering manner, often indicating certainty or strength of conviction

"He held firmly."

"She gripped the steering wheel firmly, determined to maintain control of the vehicle."

an overall, conscious recognition or understanding of a situation, feeling, or environment

"I have a sense."

"There was a general sense of unease among the passengers as the storm intensified."

seeming to be true but not necessarily

"It is apparent now."

"Despite his attempts to conceal it, his guilt was apparent to everyone in the room."

logical and consistent, forming a unified and clear whole, especially in arguments, theories, or policies

"Her argument is coherent."

"The coherent essay had a clear introduction body paragraphs and conclusion that followed logically from each other."

a way of telling a story or explaining a situation to support a particular view or goal

"Tell a narrative."

"The politician carefully crafted a narrative that emphasized his commitment to public service."

to doubt a fact or to call its truth into question

"Do not dispute it."

"He chose not to dispute the referee's controversial call during the intense match."

to support someone or try to justify an action, plan, etc.

"Defend your friend."

"She felt compelled to defend her colleague's decision, explaining the complex circumstances that led to it."

a printed work, such as a book, magazine, etc. that is publicly distributed

"This publication is very popular."

"The publication of her first novel received excellent reviews from critics and readers around the world."

to depend on someone or something for support and assistance

"I rely on you."

"As a new student, she had to rely on her classmates for guidance and support during the initial adjustment period."

a variety of things that are different but are of the same general type

"A wide range of colors."

"The store offers an impressive range of artisanal cheeses from various European countries."

relatively moderate, limited, or small in scope, size, or amount

"Her house is modest."

"The modest house was small but comfortable and the family was happy with their simple life in the countryside."

extremely great in extent, size, or area

"The desert is vast."

"The vast desert stretched as far as the eye could see without any sign of water anywhere."

a specific manner of considering something

"What is your perspective?"

"From his unique perspective, the political situation appeared much more complex."

worth doing or having

"A new car is desirable."

"A career that offers both financial security and personal fulfillment is highly desirable."

to mention or express something in few words

"It may indicate a problem."

"The sudden drop in temperature may indicate a change in the weather patterns."

to a degree that is higher than usual

"I particularly enjoy Italian food."

"I particularly enjoy Italian food especially pasta dishes like spaghetti and lasagna with rich tomato sauce."

trying or wishing to gain great success, power, or wealth

"He is ambitious."

"The ambitious young lawyer worked eighty hours a week because she wanted to become a partner at the firm before she turned thirty."

to accept, embrace, or incorporate a particular idea, practice, or belief into one's own behavior or lifestyle

"They will adopt new rules."

"Many people adopt a vegetarian lifestyle for ethical and health reasons."

to not believe or trust in something's truth or accuracy

"I doubt his explanation completely."

"I seriously doubt that he will arrive on time because he is always late for everything."

a person who leads or advises others on the way to go

"He is a guide."

"Our experienced guide will lead us through the intricate maze of ancient ruins."

to strongly recommend something

"I urge you to go."

"Scientists strongly urge the public to take preventative measures against the spread of the virus."

to produce a newspaper, book, etc. for the public to purchase

"They publish books."

"The publishing house will diligently publish the author's latest novel next month."