Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 (2) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 17 Vocabulary List

to create or bring laws into effect through a formal process

"Congress will legislate new environmental laws."

"Congress has the power to legislate new laws regarding taxation interstate commerce and national defense as outlined in the constitution."

to gradually decrease the effectiveness, confidence, or power of something or someone

"His words undermine trust."

"His constant criticism began to undermine her confidence and made her doubt her own abilities."

a possible consequence that something can bring about

"The implication was clear."

"The implication of the new policy is that many employees will lose their jobs."

a rule or law that limits what one can do or the thing that can happen

"The restriction is strict."

"The restriction stopped visitors from entering."

to provide clarification, understanding, or insight into a topic, situation, or problem

"This document sheds light on the mystery."

"The document sheds light on the secret negotiations that took place between the two countries last year."

(always plural) money received for work done or services provided

"The company's earnings increased by twenty percent."

"The company's quarterly earnings exceeded analyst expectations causing the stock price to jump significantly."

in a manner that consists mostly of a specific kind, quality, etc.

"The population is predominantly Christian."

"The population is predominantly Christian but there are also small Muslim and Jewish communities living in the city."

to severely criticize or scold someone for their actions or behaviors

"The boss will reprimand the lazy worker."

"The boss will reprimand any employee who arrives late to work without a valid excuse."

an authoritative or established rule, often issued by a governing body

"The city passed an ordinance banning smoking in all parks."

"An ordinance is a local law or regulation enacted by a municipal government"

to officially call someone, typically to attend court or fulfill a legal obligation

"The king summons his royal advisors."

"The king summoned his advisors to the throne room to discuss the urgent threat from the neighboring kingdom."

money that a person earns, daily or weekly, in exchange for their work

"The wage is low."

"The wage increased after the new contract."

the act of opposing or fighting against someone or something that is in a position of power

"The protest is an act of defiance against the government."

"The protest is an act of defiance against the government and the police arrest several demonstrators."

the moment when a small or slow change becomes strong enough to cause a big, often fast change in a situation, condition, or trend

"The rising temperature reaches a tipping point."

"The rising temperature reaches a tipping point and causes irreversible changes to the climate system."

easy to comprehend or perform without any difficulties

"The answer is straightforward."

"The instructions for assembling the furniture were surprisingly straightforward, making the process quite simple."

a region resembling a laboratory inasmuch as it offers opportunities for observation and practice and experimentation

"Work in the laboratory."

"The new laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art technology for advanced scientific research."

exclusive control or ownership of a particular commodity, service, or resource

"One company has a monopoly."

"The government is investigating potential monopolies in the technology sector to ensure fair competition."

a piece of information discovered as a result of a research

"The finding surprised all scientists."

"The finding of the research showed that children who read more books tend to perform better in school."

an obstacle that separates people or hinders any progress or communication

"Language barrier exists."

"The language barrier made communication difficult between the tourists and local people in the foreign country."

to provide or supply something that was expected or promised

"They will deliver it."

"The company promised to deliver the essential supplies to the disaster-stricken region promptly."

to establish a fresh entity, such as a company, system, or organization

"Set up the tent carefully."

"They plan to set up a small charity to help homeless people find shelter and food."

having the same quality, level, or effect throughout

"He is consistent."

"Her performance has been consistently excellent throughout the entire competition."

a general description of an idea, a theory, or an event

"Give an account."

"The historian provided a detailed account of the major events leading to the revolution."

to serve as a clear instance or representation of a broader concept or situation

"This illustrates the point."

"This case study will effectively illustrate the challenges faced by small businesses in a competitive market."

to indicate a potential danger or risk to someone or something

"The storm threaten us."

"The aggressive rhetoric from the opposing party began to threaten the stability of the government."

to create fabric or material by interlacing threads, yarn, or other strands in a pattern using a loom or by hand

"The artisan weaves baskets from straw."

"The skilled artisan used a loom to weave the cotton threads into a beautiful traditional patterned fabric by hand."

expressing opposition or acting in resistance

"His argument is counter."

"The counter argument presented by the opposition was persuasive and the committee decided to reconsider the original proposal."

to keep something for a specific purpose or use

"Please reserve a seat for me."

"We need to reserve some funds for unexpected emergencies during the project."

an amount of money that must be paid as a legal punishment

"I had to pay a parking fine for overstaying."

"The driver had to pay a large fine for parking his car illegally in front of a fire hydrant."

(of mathematical expressions or quantities) having the same value or function, even if they appear in different forms

"The value is equivalent."

"The two expressions are mathematically equivalent so you can use either one to solve the equation."

related to or calculated over the course of a year

"We have an annual meeting."

"The company's annual report detailed their financial performance and strategic objectives for the upcoming year."

to show a particular quality, characteristic, or emotion

"It will reflect."

"Her genuine smile seemed to reflect the joy she felt in that moment."

to control or adjust something in a way that agrees with rules and regulations

"Agencies regulate food and drug safety."

"The government agency was created to regulate the pharmaceutical industry and ensure that all new drugs are safe for public use."

work, particularly difficult physical work

"Hard labor needed."

"Child labor is illegal in most countries because it exploits vulnerable young people."

the state of having superiority over another party in terms of power, knowledge, influence, etc.

"The cat showed dominance."

"His undeniable dominance in the debate gave him a significant advantage over his opponents."

to prevent someone or something from advancing or crossing a particular point

"Hold back the water."

"The security forces were ordered to hold back the crowd from entering the restricted area."

a method, product, way of doing something, etc. that is newly introduced

"The telephone was a major innovation."

"The company's innovation in battery technology gave it a competitive advantage over other manufacturers."

to bring things together in one place

"Gather your belongings before leaving."

"The protesters began to gather in the town square as early as six in the morning to prepare for the demonstration."

a distinct period or stage in a sequence of events or development

"This is a new phase."

"The project entered its final phase, focusing on implementation and testing."

remaining unchanged and stable in degree, amount, or condition

"The temperature is constant."

"Despite the challenges, his constant dedication to the project never wavered, ensuring its eventual success."

to establish a relationship or association between two things

"Link these ideas."

"Scientists are trying to link the environmental changes to the observed increase in disease."

the practice of preparing and using land for growing crops, especially on a large scale

"Rice cultivation requires a lot of water."

"Careful cultivation of the land produces good crops every year for the farmers."

the action of starting to use a certain plan, name, method, or idea

"The adoption of the plan."

"The company's successful adoption of the new software improved overall efficiency."

a defining or distinctive feature of something

"The most interesting aspect is the historical context."

"One important aspect of the job was the ability to work well under pressure."

to take part in or become involved with something actively

"Let's engage in the game."

"She decided to engage actively in the community project to make a positive impact."

producing desired results through effective and efficient use of time, resources, and effort

"The meeting was productive."

"The meeting was very productive and we managed to finish all of the items on our agenda before lunchtime today."

(of ideas, products, etc.) creative and unlike anything else that exists

"This is an innovative idea."

"The company's innovative approach to renewable energy has positioned it as a leader in the industry."

the starting point for a new state or experience

"This is a new threshold."

"Reaching this milestone marks the threshold of a new era in scientific discovery."

the attention or interest someone gives to a person, thing, or event

"Please give it notice."

"She finally received notice that her application had been accepted after weeks of anxious waiting."