Test 3 - Reading - Passage 1 (1) · Cambridge IELTS Academic 16 Vocabulary List

the process or activity of planning and controlling the movement of a vehicle or vessel from one place to another

"Good navigation is important."

"Modern ships use advanced satellite navigation systems to travel safely across the oceans at night."

a judgment of or an opinion about the value or qualities of something

"My estimation is correct."

"His estimation of the painting's value was significantly lower than the auctioneer's final bid."

present in a person or passed down from family members, usually through genetic or hereditary means

"The trait is inherited."

"She inherited her mother's blue eyes and her father's curly hair and quick temper."

a person who is a member of a ship's crew

"The sailor climbed aboard."

"The old sailor told stories about crossing the Atlantic during a hurricane describing waves as tall as buildings and winds that ripped sails apart."

still in existence

"The survivors are surviving."

"The surviving members of the crew were rescued by a passing ship after three days."

a large sheet of fabric, typically canvas, designed to catch the wind and propel a sailing vessel forward

"The sailor hoists the sail."

"The sailor hoists the sail and the boat begins to move as the wind fills the canvas."

gear consisting of ropes etc. supporting a ship's masts and sails

"The rigging holds the mast in place."

"The rigging holds the mast in place and consists of ropes and cables that are tensioned correctly."

to begin a process or course of action

"Proceed with the plan."

"After receiving approval from the board, the team decided to proceed with the ambitious new marketing strategy."

a long, flat, and rectangular piece of wood or other materials, typically used in construction, flooring, or as a structural element in various applications

"The plank spans across the joists."

"The plank is a long flat piece of sawn timber thicker than a board."

a secular designation used to represent dates in the Gregorian calendar before the traditional reference point of the birth of Jesus Christ

"This happened before Common Era."

"Dinosaurs lived during the Before Common Era period millions of years before humans appeared on Earth."

a woodworking joint where a rectangular hole (mortise) is cut into one piece of wood and a corresponding protrusion (tenon) is formed on another piece, allowing them to interlock and create a strong, durable connection

"The joint uses a mortise and tenon."

"The carpenter used a mortise and tenon joint to connect the two pieces of wood strongly."

the lines of thread made by sewing cloth, leather, or other material together

"The stitching is neat."

"The intricate stitching on the handmade quilt added a touch of artisanal beauty to the fabric."

to be formed from particular parts or things

"The team consists of five members."

"The committee will consist of ten members who will be elected by the board next week."

to a significantly large extent or by a considerable amount

"His health improved dramatically."

"His health improved dramatically after the treatment and he was able to return to work within a few weeks."

a vessel designed for transporting goods and merchandise as part of commercial trade

"The merchant ship carries cargo across the ocean."

"The merchant ship carried thousands of containers across the Pacific Ocean to California."

a ship that is made for war and has weapons

"The warship was huge."

"The warship was equipped with advanced radar and missile systems capable of detecting threats from far away."

highest-ranked or best in a category

"Her skill is unequalled."

"Her talent for playing the violin is unequalled by any other musician in the orchestra today."

used with a date to refer to things happened or existed after the birth of Christ

"This event is Common Era."

"The Common Era calendar is used worldwide today and it counts years starting from the birth of Jesus."

a heavy substance placed in a ship's hull or an airship's tanks to lower its center of gravity and counteract unwanted tilting, rolling, or drifting

"The ship's ballast keeps it stable in rough seas."

"The ship's ballast keeps it stable in rough seas and is usually made of heavy stones or water."

much more than the desirable or required amount

"The baggage is excess."

"The excess baggage fee was very expensive so she had to leave some of her clothes behind at the hotel."

having a significant physical impairment or disability that affects one's ability to move or function normally

"The man is crippled."

"The crippled man used a wheelchair to move around because his legs did not work."

relating to the armed forces that operate at seas or waters in general

"He joined naval forces."

"The naval base is home to several warships and thousands of sailors who protect the country's interests at sea."

a ram used to break down doors of fortified buildings

"They used a battering ram."

"The ancient soldiers employed a massive battering ram to breach the castle's heavily fortified wooden gates."

a tool used by rowers to propel and steer a boat through the water

"The oar is used to row a boat."

"The oar is used to row a boat and has a flat blade on one end."

someone who rows a boat

"The oarsman pulls the oar in rhythm with his teammates."

"The oarsman pulls the oar in rhythm with his teammates and the boat glides smoothly through the water."

a person who participates in the sport of rowing, propelling a boat through water using oars

"The rower pulls the oar through the water."

"The rower pulled the oar through the water with powerful strokes coordinated with his teammates."

completely different or opposed in basic qualities or usual behaviors

"His opinion is contrary."

"Contrary to popular belief not all spiders are dangerous and many of them help control insect populations in gardens and homes."

the image or idea that is formed based on how one understands something

"Extrasensory perception is a controversial topic."

"Visual perception involves the brain's complex process of interpreting raw light signals from the retina."

someone whose right of belonging to a particular state is legally recognized either because they are born there or are naturalized

"Every citizen has the right to vote."

"A responsible citizen always follows the laws and helps improve the community."

to officially register oneself or someone else as a participant in a course, school, etc.

"She enrolled in a cooking class."

"She decided to enroll in a Spanish course at the local community college to improve her language skills for work."

to take something or someone's position or place, particularly due to being more effective or up-to-date

"The new law supersedes the old one."

"The new safety regulations will supersede the old ones which are now considered outdated and ineffective in preventing accidents."

(of a system, device, or technique) intricately developed to a high level of complexity

"Her style is sophisticated."

"The sophisticated security system uses facial recognition technology to allow only authorized people to enter the building."

to gain control of a place or people using armed forces

"They conquer the land."

"The victorious army managed to conquer the entire kingdom within a year."

a creation that is a visual or tangible rendering of someone or something

"A good representation."

"The artist's detailed representation of the historical event was both accurate and moving."

to uncover or expose by digging, especially to reveal buried artifacts, structures, or remains

"They excavated the ancient ruins."

"The team of archaeologists received permission to excavate the ancient burial site and search for valuable historical artifacts."

any vehicle designed for travel across or through water

"Large cargo vessel arrived."

"The cargo vessel carried thousands of shipping containers across the Pacific Ocean to Los Angeles."

the main body or framework of a ship or boat, typically the outer shell that provides buoyancy and protects against water

"The ship's hull was painted blue."

"The hull of the ship was damaged by the rocks and water began rushing into the lower compartments."

the structure of a building, piece of furniture, vehicle, etc. that supports and shapes it

"The frame holds it together."

"The sturdy wooden frame provided essential structural integrity, supporting the delicate glass panes of the antique window."

to join two or more pieces of fabric or other materials together, often by using a needle and thread

"Sew the torn fabric again."

"The skilled tailor will sew the intricate embroidery onto the velvet fabric with remarkable dexterity."

to cause to be firmly fastened or secured

"Fix the broken chair."

"The carpenter will fix the loose leg of the table securely to the tabletop."

to join or fit together in a way that creates a secure and interconnected relationship

"The doors lock."

"The interlocking gears of the mechanism lock together perfectly to ensure smooth operation."

a period of history marked by particular features or events

"The invention of the printing press began a new era."

"The digital era has completely transformed the way people communicate around the world."

to substitute or replace one thing with another

"We need to shift gears."

"The company decided to shift its marketing focus from traditional media to digital platforms."

a part that combines with others to form a larger whole, often separable and functional within a system

"The engine has many components."

"This small component is very important for the proper functioning of the entire machine."

the process of building or creating something, such as structures, machines, or infrastructure

"The construction takes many months."

"The construction of the new highway caused significant traffic delays for commuters throughout the entire summer."

having little weight or mass, making it easy to carry or move

"The jacket is lightweight."

"The lightweight jacket is perfect for spring because it keeps you warm without being too heavy."

to travel on water using the power of wind or an engine

"They sail across the ocean every summer."

"He learned how to sail when he was just a boy and now he dreams of sailing across the entire Atlantic Ocean alone one day."

to go under below the surface of a particular substance such as water, sand, tar, mud, etc.

"The ship sinks slowly into the ocean."

"The old ship began to sink slowly after hitting a large iceberg in the middle of the ocean."

coming immediately after a person or thing in time, place, or rank

"The following day was sunny."

"The following day after the storm the sun finally came out and people began to clean up the damage."

to forcefully pass through barriers or obstacles

"The bullet will pierce."

"The drill bit was designed to pierce through even the hardest industrial materials."

a vertical wooden post or stake, often used for fencing, support, or markers

"Use this timber."

"The sturdy timber posts were essential for constructing the fence around the property."

having superiority in power, influence, or importance

"He is dominant."

"The dominant wolf in the pack eats first and makes all the decisions for the group."

an organized arrangement of similar objects placed in a row or in multiple tiers

"A bank of lights."

"The librarian organized the books into a neat bank, categorizing them by genre and author."

to put someone or something in a position in which they are vulnerable or are at risk

"Expose the child to sun."

"The investigative journalist decided to expose the corruption within the company to the public."

to observe and pay attention to something

"Note the time carefully."

"The teacher asked the students to carefully note the important dates on the syllabus."