Chemistry · C2 English Vocabulary List

a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S

"Entropy measures disorder in a system."

"Entropy is a thermodynamic measure of the degree of disorder or randomness in a system, denoted by S."

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution

"Salt is the solute in saltwater."

"A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture"

a substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products

"Reactants combine to form products."

"In this experiment, the two primary reactants combine to form a vibrant blue precipitate."

the acceleration or facilitation of a chemical reaction by a substance (catalyst) that remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

"Catalysis speeds up reactions."

"Industrial catalysis helps factories produce chemicals faster and more efficiently."

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

"A covalent bond shares electrons."

"A covalent bond is a strong chemical link between atoms formed by the mutual sharing of one or more electron pairs between their outermost shells."

any of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms and, consequently, different properties

"Glucose and fructose are isomers."

"An isomer is a molecule with the identical chemical formula as another but a distinct arrangement of atoms"

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

"Plastic is a polymer made of many repeating small units linked together."

"A polymer is a large macromolecule composed of many repeating subunits called monomers"

a molecule that can chemically bond with other molecules to form a polymer

"Many monomers join to make a polymer."

"When heated, each monomer connects to others and creates a long chain."

a compound composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms, with the simplest form being alkanes, alkenes, or alkynes

"Gasoline is a hydrocarbon fuel made only from hydrogen and carbon atoms."

"A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms"

a chemical compound derived from the reaction between an alcohol and an organic acid, typically with the elimination of water

"An ester gives fruits their sweet smell."

"An ester is a chemical compound often responsible for the sweet fruity smell of many fruits and flowers."

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and another carbon atom, commonly found in essential oils and used in various chemical processes

"Formaldehyde is a simple aldehyde."

"Formaldehyde is a common aldehyde used as a preservative and in the production of various plastics and resins."

an organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon atoms, commonly found in solvents, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings

"Acetone is a common ketone."

"A ketone is an organic compound characterized by a carbonyl group flanked by two carbon atoms"

a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between substances

"Oxidation reduction reactions transfer electrons."

"An oxidation-reduction reaction is a chemical process involving the transfer of electrons between two species"

the concentration of a solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter (mol/L or M)

"Molarity is a way to measure how concentrated a chemical solution is."

"Molarity is a unit of concentration measuring the number of moles of a solute dissolved in exactly one liter of the resulting solution."

a substance that, when dissolved in a solution, produces ions and enables the conduction of electric current

"An electrolyte helps carry electric charge through a liquid or a body."

"An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in water"

a mixture where small particles of one substance are evenly dispersed in another substance, typically intermediate in size between solution and suspension particles

"Milk is an example of a colloid."

"A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture where microscopically dispersed particles of one substance are suspended evenly throughout another substance without settling out."

the gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals

"Rust is a form of corrosion."

"Corrosion of metal pipes can cause leaks and water damage if not properly treated over time."

any water-soluble compound that can turn litmus blue and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water

"Baking soda is a mild alkali."

"An alkali is a soluble base that releases hydroxide ions in water"

a sharp-smelling gas made of nitrogen and hydrogen

"Ammonia smells strong."

"The strong smell of ammonia from the cleaning solution burned his nose and made his eyes water."

a combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant

"Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc."

"Brass is an alloy made by combining copper and zinc in specific proportions."

a type of chemical element found in Group 17 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive and commonly used in disinfectants and lights

"Chlorine is a halogen."

"The halogen group on the periodic table includes elements like chlorine and fluorine that are highly reactive and are often used in disinfectants and toothpaste."

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

"Carbon has an isotope."

"Scientists use a rare isotope of carbon to determine the age of ancient fossils and artifacts."

any of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations

"Helium is a noble gas."

"Noble gases are the elements in the far right column of the periodic table that are very stable and rarely react with other elements under normal conditions."

the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to undergo a change or decay, typically in the context of radioactive decay or chemical reactions

"The half-life is ten years."

"The biological half-life of a toxin in an organism can be far longer than its radioactive half-life"

a type of uranium that has most of its more radioactive isotopes removed, primarily used for armor-piercing ammunition and shielding

"Depleted uranium is very dense."

"Depleted uranium is a very dense metal that is sometimes used to make armor-piercing ammunition because of its high density and ability to penetrate heavy armor."

having an electric charge

"The battery is charged."

"The static electricity made the balloon charged, causing it to stick to the wall with a noticeable pull."

(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself

"Catalyst speeds up reaction."

"A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy of a chemical reaction"

a compound with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom, widely used as solvents, fuels, and in pharmaceutical and chemical synthesis

"Beer and wine contain alcohol"

"This compound contains a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom, making it a common alcohol used in many products."

a mixture of two liquids where tiny droplets of one are evenly dispersed in the other, like oil in water

"Oil and water make emulsion."

"Mayonnaise is an emulsion of oil and vinegar that is stabilized by adding egg yolk to keep the two liquids from quickly separating."

a liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance

"Water is a common solvent."

"A non-polar solvent is effective at dissolving oils and other non-polar substances."

a chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidizing agent, typically producing heat and light

"Combustion is the process of burning fuel to make heat and energy."

"Combustion is a rapid exothermic chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant"