Toefl Advanced English Vocabulary List

Learn advanced vocabulary across academic fields like anatomy, biology, and engineering to achieve a high TOEFL score.

Human Anatomy39 words

• trachea🔊noun(anatomy) the membranous tube in the body that carries air from the throat to the bronchi
• respiration🔊noun(anatomy) the act or process of breathing
• larynx🔊noun(anatomy) the hollow organ in the throat that contains the vocal cords and provides an air passage to the lungs
• saliva🔊nounthe liquid produced in the mouth to make chewing and swallowing easier and to prepare food for digestion
• taste bud🔊nounany of the group of sensory cells that are mainly on the tongue, making one recognize different tastes
• incisor🔊noun(anatomy) any of the eight narrow-edged teeth at the front of the mouth that are used for biting
• nostril🔊nouneither of the two external openings of the nose that one breathes through
• phlegm🔊nounthe thick mucus that is formed in the nasal and throat cavities, usually secreted in excessive amounts as a result of common cold
• scalp🔊nounthe skin under one's hair, covering the head
• cortex🔊noun(anatomy) the outer layer of the anterior part of the brain, called cerebrum, containing gray matter
• retina🔊noun(anatomy) the sensory membrane at the back of the eye that transmits light signals to the brain through optic nerves
• cornea🔊noun(anatomy) the transparent layer that covers the outside of the eyeball
• eardrum🔊nouna thin piece of skin in the middle ear that vibrates by sound waves and enables one to hear sounds, also known as tympanic membrane
• bile🔊nouna greenish-brown alkaline fluid that is produced by the liver in order to help the body digest fats
• bladder🔊nouna sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed
• gland🔊nounan organ in the body that produces certain chemical substances to be used in the body or to be discharged into the surroundings
• pancreas🔊nouna large gland in the body that produces insulin and glucagon and substances that help the body digest food
• spleen🔊noun(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells
• bowel🔊noun(usually plural) the tube in the body through which digested food passes from the stomach to the anus
• pelvis🔊noun(anatomy) the large round bone structure that the limbs and the spine are joined to, which also protects the abdominal organs
• womb🔊nounthe part of the body of a woman or female mammal where the baby develops before birth
• cervix🔊noun(anatomy) the narrow outer opening of the womb or uterus of a female
• uterus🔊noun(anatomy) the organ in the female body where the fetus is conceived and grown before being born
• ovary🔊nouneither of the two organs in women or female animals that produce eggs for reproduction
• urethra🔊noun(anatomy) the tube in most mammals that carries urine out of the body, which also carries sperm in males
• renal🔊adjectiverelating to the kidneys or their function
• intestinal🔊adjectiverelating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body
• antibody🔊nouna blood protein produced to fight diseases or infections, or in response to foreign substances in the body
• bone marrow🔊nounthe soft substance that fills the cavities of bones, which is either yellowish and consists of fat cells or reddish and makes blood cells
• enamel🔊nounthe hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth
• nasal🔊adjective(anatomy) connected with the nose
• sinus🔊nounan air-filled cavity, especially within the bones of the skull
• lobe🔊noun(anatomy) a rounded part of an organ, such as, lungs or brain that seems to be separate in some way from the rest
• pupil🔊noun(anatomy) the small round black area in the center of the eye, through which light enters
• iris🔊noun(anatomy) the round colored portion of the eye around the pupil and behind the cornea
• trunk🔊nounthe body of an animal or human, except the limbs and head
• abdomen🔊nounthe lower part of the body below the chest that contains the digestive and reproductive organs
• colon🔊noun(anatomy) the main part of the large intestine, between the caecum to the rectum, where water is removed from solid waste
• canine🔊noun(anatomy) any of the four pointed teeth that are between the incisors and premolars, used for tearing food

Biology35 words

• chromosome🔊nouna very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
• X chromosome🔊nouna sex chromosome, two of which exist in female cells and only one in male cells
• Y chromosome🔊nouna sex chromosome, which is normally present only in male cells
• enzyme🔊nouna substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself
• antigen🔊nounany foreign substance in the body that can trigger a response from the immune system
• microbe🔊nouna very small living organism that cannot be seen without a microscope and can cause a disease
• fetus🔊nounan offspring of a human or animal that is not born yet, particularly a human aged more than eight weeks after conception
• embryo🔊nounan unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization
• ovulate🔊verb(of a female animal or human) to produce an ovum from the ovary
• mutant🔊nouna living organism that is different from its kind because of a genetic change
• lymph🔊nouna colorless liquid consisting of white blood cells that helps to prevent infections from spreading
• stem cell🔊noun(biology) a basic type of cell in a multicellular organism, which develops into different kinds of cells with different functions
• membrane🔊nouna thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism
• lipid🔊nounany of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids
• amino acid🔊nounany organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins
• neuron🔊nouna cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body
• neurotransmitter🔊nouna chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle
• mitochondrion🔊nounan organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production
• cortisol🔊nouna steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases
• testosterone🔊nouna hormone related to gender that is produced by male body to develop typical male features
• insulin🔊nouna hormone that is responsible for controlling the level of glucose in the blood, the lack of which can cause diabetes
• RNA🔊noun(biochemistry) a chemical substance that carries the information from DNA to control the cellular protein biosynthesis
• receptor🔊nouna sense organ or nerve ending that can respond to external stimuli and is able to transmit data to the central nervous system
• genome🔊nounthe complete set of genetic material of any living thing
• genetic code🔊nounthe ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells
• stimulus🔊nounsomething that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology
• estrogen🔊nouna hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation
• anatomy🔊nounthe branch of science that is concerned with the physical structure of humans, animals, or plants
• incubate🔊verbto retain something such as eggs or bacteria in a favorable condition to help them develop
• mutate🔊verbto experience genetic changes
• anaerobic🔊adjectivenot needing free oxygen to function
• secrete🔊verb(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body
• dominant🔊adjective(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome
• hybrid🔊nounan animal or plant with parents that belong to different breeds or varieties
• clone🔊nouna cell or a group of cells created through a natural or artificial process from a source that they are genetically identical to

Engineering and Electronics32 words

• electronics🔊nounthe branch of physics and electrical engineering that focuses on designing circuits that use transistors and microchips
• transistor🔊nouna small semiconductor device, used in television and radio sets, able to amplify or rectify an electric current
• semiconductor🔊nouna solid substance that conducts electricity or heat better than insulators, but not as well as most metals
• dc🔊nounan electric current that flows only in one direction
• circuit board🔊nouna thin board on which the circuits are printed
• short circuit🔊nouna failure in a circuit caused when the electricity flows in the wrong route due to wire damage or fault in the connections of wires
• electrode🔊nouna conductor through which electricity travels to or from an object, such as batteries
• transformer🔊nounan electric device that is used to increase or decrease the voltage of an alternating current
• transmitter🔊nouna piece of electronic equipment used for sending electromagnetic waves carrying radio or television signals
• capacitor🔊nounan electric device that is used to accumulate electric charge
• screw🔊verbto firmly attach or tighten something using a turning metal fastener
• cog🔊nouna wheel with a set of square or triangular teeth sticking out around the edge that fits into the edge of a similar wheel, causing both wheels to turn
• diode🔊nounan electronic device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only
• fuse🔊nounan electrical device that is used to stop or control the flow of current in a circuit in case it is too strong
• thermostat🔊nounan instrument that automatically controls the temperature of a room, machine, etc.
• safety valve🔊nouna device that allows steam, liquid, etc. to escape a machine, if the pressure inside the machine becomes too high
• robotics🔊nounan area of technology that is concerned with the study or use of robots
• oscillator🔊nouna piece of equipment for generating oscillating electric currents or voltages by non-mechanical means
• insulator🔊nouna substance that doesn't conduct heat, sound, etc.
• solar cell🔊nouna device that converts the energy of the sun into electricity
• rotor🔊nounthe rotating part of a machine that revolves around a stationary part
• rewire🔊verbto replace or install new electrical wiring in something, like a building or a machine
• alternating current🔊nounan electric current that reverses direction periodically, typically used in power distribution systems due to its efficiency in long-distance transmission
• engineering🔊nouna field of study that deals with the building, designing, developing, etc. of structures, bridges, or machines
• voltage🔊nountotal potential energy provided by a power source
• conduct🔊verbto allow heat or electricity be transmitted
• bolt🔊nouna piece of metal like a thick nail without a point that used to secure assembled parts by passing through holes and tightening with a nut
• nut🔊nouna flat piece of metal with a hole in the middle through which a bolt is put to secure or fasten objects together
• generator🔊nouna machine that produces electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
• crank🔊nouna device that allows movement between mechanical parts of a machine or converts backward and forward motion into circular movement
• shaft🔊nouna metal bar in an engine that enables movement and power to be transmitted from one part to another
• relay🔊nounan electronic device that uses a small electrical current to control a larger current, acting like an automatic switch

Architecture35 words

• architecture🔊nounthe study or art of building and designing houses
• architectural🔊adjectiverelating to the study or art of constructing or designing a building
• cement🔊nouna gray powdery substance that becomes hard if it is mixed with water and sand, used for construction purposes such as sticking bricks of a wall together
• lumber🔊nounwood that has been cut into specific pieces to be used for building purposes
• scaffolding🔊nouna structure consisting of metal poles with wooden planks on them that are put against a building so that workers can climb it or stand on it while constructing the building
• renovate🔊verbto make a building or a place look good again by repairing or painting it
• wrecking ball🔊nouna heavy metal ball hanging from a crane that is struck against a building to destroy it
• bulldozer🔊nouna large, powerful vehicle with a wide steel blade at its front that is used to destroy buildings or move earth
• facade🔊nounthe front of a building, particularly one that is large and has an elegant appearance
• penthouse🔊nounan apartment on top of a tall building
• terrace🔊nouna flat paved area, particularly one next to a building or restaurant, where people can sit, eat, relax, etc.
• cabana🔊nouna hut, shelter, or cabin, usually at a swimming pool or beach
• gazebo🔊nouna small roofed building with open sides, usually in a garden
• arcade🔊nounan arch-covered passage along the side of a group of buildings
• Victorian🔊adjectivedenoting or relating to Queen Victoria or her reign from 1837 to 1901
• mortar🔊nouna mixture, typically of sand, lime, or cement, used to bond masonry units together or to coat walls
• plaster🔊nouna material with a soft texture that is a combination of sand, water, and lime which is used to cover walls and ceilings to smooth their surface
• beam🔊nouna long bar of iron or metal that supports the weight of a building
• reinforce🔊verbto strengthen a substance or structure, particularly by adding extra material to it
• foundation🔊nouna hard layer of cement, stone, etc. that serves as the underground support of a building
• erect🔊verbto build or assemble a structure or object in an upright position
• blueprint🔊nouna detailed technical or architectural plan showing dimensions, materials, and specifications for construction or production
• crumble🔊verb(of a building) to fall apart
• demolish🔊verbto completely destroy or to knock down a building or another structure
• masonry🔊nounthe skilled trade or craft of working with stone, bricks, or other masonry materials to construct buildings, walls, or other structures
• arch🔊nouna curved symmetrical structure that supports the weight above it, used in bridges or buildings
• dome🔊nouna building's roof that is rounded
• chamber🔊nouna private room that is mostly used as bedroom
• condominium🔊nouna single dwelling unit within a condominium complex
• auditorium🔊nouna large building or hall where people are gathered to attend a concert, public speech, play, etc.
• amphitheater🔊nounan open building that is round or oval in shape and has a space in the middle surrounded by several seats, originated in ancient Roman and Greek architecture used for public entertainments such as sports or drama
• high-rise🔊adjective(of buildings) having many floors
• gothic🔊adjective(architecture) used to describe the building style prevalent in Western Europe in the 12th-16th centuries, whose characteristics are high ceilings, tall pillars, pointed windows and arches that are mostly made of stone
• baroque🔊adjectiverelating to the highly ornate and expressive style of European art, architecture, and music that flourished from about 1600 to 1750
• colonial🔊adjectivereflecting the style of architecture or decoration typical in 18th-century America under British influence

Mathematics and Measurement39 words

• watt🔊nounthe standard unit for measuring electrical power corresponding to the rate of energy consumption in an electric circuit, equal to one joule per second
• volt🔊nounthe standard unit of electromotive force, which measures the strength of an electrical current that is sent around an electrical system
• rpm🔊nouna unit for measuring the speed of an engine, a computer hard drive, etc.
• karat🔊nouna unit to measure the purity of gold, the purest gold being 24 karats
• fluid ounce🔊nouna unit of volume used in the United States to measure liquids, equal to approximately 29.5735 milliliters
• hertz🔊nouna unit that is used in measurement of the frequency of sound and radio waves
• horsepower🔊nouna unit for measuring an engine's power
• pint🔊nouna measure equal to 16 fluid ounces, often used for measuring liquids such as beer or milk
• square root🔊nouna number that produces a particular number when multiplied by itself
• tape measure🔊nouna flexible measuring tool consisting of a long strip of metal, cloth, or plastic with measurement markings, used to measure lengths and distances accurately
• calculus🔊nounthe branch of mathematics that comprises differentials and integrals
• denominator🔊nounthe number below the line in a fraction that shows how many parts the numerator divides into
• numerator🔊nounFractional number above the line
• common denominator🔊noun(mathematics) a number divisible by all the numbers that are below the line in a set of fractions
• chaos theory🔊noun(mathematics) an interdisciplinary theory about complex systems that obey particular laws but appear to have little or no order
• game theory🔊nouna branch of mathematics that studies the strategies of dealing with competitive situations involving conflict of interests, especially in business, war, etc.
• coordinate🔊nounany set of numbers that represents an exact position on a map or graph
• prime number🔊nouna number greater than 1 with only two devisors which can be itself or 1
• cardinal number🔊nouna number indicating the quantity and not order
• irrational number🔊nouna number incapable of being expressed as a ratio of two integers
• rational number🔊nouna number that can be written as a fraction, where both the top and bottom are whole numbers, and the bottom is not zero
• perimeter🔊nounthe total length of the external boundary of something
• sine🔊noun(mathematics) the ratio of the length of the side opposite the given angle to the length of the hypotenuse
• cosine🔊noun(mathematics) the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse
• cotangent🔊nounthe ratio of the side adjacent to a particular acute angle to the side opposite the angle, in a right-angled triangle
• foot per second🔊nouna unit of measurement used to determine the speed or velocity of something
• ampere🔊nounthe unit of electric current, symbolized as "A" in the International System of Units
• kilometers per hour🔊nouna unit of measurement used to express speed or velocity in the metric system, representing the distance traveled in kilometers over the course of one hour
• centiliter🔊nouna metric unit equal to 1/100th of a liter
• degree Celsius🔊nouna temperature scale where 0°C represents the freezing point and 100°C represents the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure
• cube🔊nounthe result of multiplying a number by itself three times
• square🔊nounthe second exponent of any given number produced when multiplied by itself
• variable🔊noun(mathematics) a quantity that is capable of assuming different values in a calculation
• array🔊nouna group of numbers, mathematical symbols or values, arranged in columns and rows
• axis🔊nounthe central point or line around which an object turns
• gradient🔊nounthe rate at which a quantity or dimension changes over a given distance or interval
• mean🔊noun(mathematics) the average value of a set of quantities calculated by adding them, and dividing them by the total number of the quantities
• tangent🔊noun(mathematics) the ratio of the opposite to the adjacent side of a triangle that has one angle of 90°
• pound🔊nouna unit for measuring weight equal to 16 ounces or 0.454 kilograms

The Computer World39 words

• cyberspace🔊nounthe non-physical space in which communication over computer networks takes place
• analog🔊adjectiverelating to or using signals in which information is represented through constant changing of physical quantities
• backslash🔊nounthe symbol (\), used in some computer commands
• backspace🔊noun(in a computer, phone, etc.) a key on the keyboard used to erase the last letter or go backward
• function key🔊nouneach of the several keys at the top of a computer keyboard marked with (F) and a number that make the computer perform particular operations
• byte🔊nouna unit for measuring the size of computer data that equals 8 bits
• motherboard🔊noun(in electronic devices such as computers, etc.) the main printed circuit board that makes it possible for all the parts of a computer to communicate
• pixel🔊nounthe smallest unit of an image on the screen that collectively can form a whole image
• disk drive🔊nouna device that allows the computer to read the data on a computer disk and transfer data to or from it
• clock speed🔊nounthe speed at which a computer can process information, expressed in (MHz)
• firmware🔊noun(computing) a type of software stored in a way that it cannot be modified or erased
• malware🔊nouna software designed to disrupt or damage the computer without the user knowing
• compatibility🔊nounthe ability of a computer, software, or equipment to work with another device or software
• debug🔊verb(computing) to detect and remove faults in a software
• back end🔊nouna part of a computer responsible for storing and controlling data where users cannot easily access
• interface🔊noun(computing) the program through which a user can interact with a computer, especially its design and appearance
• encrypt🔊verbto convert data or information into a coded form, mainly to prevent unauthorized access
• time out🔊verb(computing) to cancel an operation or to turn off the computer automatically because a predefined interval of time has passed without a certain event happening
• open-source🔊adjective(computing) describing a computer program whose source code is available to everyone
• local area network🔊phrasea network for communication between computers, usually within a building
• modem🔊nounan electronic device that uses telephone lines to send and receive data between two computers
• graphical user interface🔊nounthe visual interaction that users have with the computer through icons, menus, etc.
• central processing unit🔊nounthe part of a computer where operations are controlled and executed
• binary🔊adjectivebased on or using a numerical system that operates only on 0 and 1
• archive🔊verb(computing) to move important information or information that is not often needed to a different disk, tape, or another computer to store it, sometimes as a security measure
• backup🔊noun(computing) a copy of computer data that can be used to restore lost or damaged data
• boot🔊verbto start a computer, typically involves setting up hardware elements to prepare the computer for use
• bot🔊nouna computer program that automatically performs tasks over the internet
• cache🔊noun(computing) a type of computer memory in which information that is often in use can be stored temporarily, a cache can be accessed quickly and is needed while a program is running
• clipboard🔊noun(computing) a temporary storage area for data that has been copied or cut
• on-board🔊adjectivebuilt into or functioning within a main system or device, especially in electronics
• driver🔊nouna software that controls the interaction between a computer and another equipment, such as a printer or scanner
• configuration🔊nounthe set-up, hardware, and software of a computer that makes a complete system
• format🔊verb(computing) to prepare a storage device, such as a hard drive or USB, for use by deleting all the data on it and setting it up for a specific file system
• front end🔊nouna part of a computer that is easily accessible and one uses constantly
• hack🔊nounan adjustment of the codes of a computer program that solves a problem in a quick way
• encode🔊verbto transform data into a coded form
• interactive🔊adjectivedescribing the constant passage of data between a computer or other device and a user
• router🔊nounan electronic device that connects computer networks and sends data between networks

Physics and Chemistry40 words

• vacuum🔊nouna space that is utterly empty of all matter
• dark matter🔊noun(physics) an invisible substance that makes up most of the universe's mass, detectable only through its gravitational effects
• antimatter🔊noun(physics) matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those of regular matter
• alkali🔊nounany water-soluble compound that can turn litmus blue and reacts with an acid to form a salt and water
• ammonia🔊nouna sharp-smelling gas made of nitrogen and hydrogen
• charged🔊adjectivehaving an electric charge
• ion🔊nouna particle with a net electric charge due to loss or gain of one or more electrons
• electromagnetic🔊adjectivereferring to the combined interaction of electric and magnetic fields, often associated with waves or radiation
• nuclear fission🔊nounthe process or action of splitting a nucleus into two or more parts resulting in the release of a significant amount of energy
• nuclear fusion🔊noun(physics) the reaction in which two nuclei join together and produce energy
• aluminum🔊nouna light silver-gray metal used primarily for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts
• alloy🔊nouna combination of two or more metals, creating a metal that is usually stronger or more resistant
• corrosion🔊nounthe gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction, usually of metals
• velocity🔊nounthe speed at which something moves in a specific direction
• graphite🔊nouna soft, black, and highly conductive material made up of carbon atoms that is commonly used in pencils and as a lubricant
• uranium🔊nouna heavy radioactive metallic element used in producing nuclear energy
• radioactive🔊adjectivecontaining or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions
• synthetic🔊adjectiveproduced artificially, typically based on its natural version
• bond🔊verb(chemistry) to merge or be merged by a chemical bond
• composition🔊nounthe different elements that form something or the arrangement of these elements
• distill🔊verbto heat a liquid and turn it into gas then cool it and make it liquid again in order to purify it
• compress🔊verbto press two things together or be pressed together to become smaller
• catalyst🔊noun(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself
• accelerate🔊verbto increase the velocity of something
• solvent🔊nouna liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance
• charcoal🔊nouna hard black substance consisting of an amorphous form of carbon which is made by slowly burning wood and is used as fuel or for drawing
• conductor🔊nouna substance that permits electricity to pass through or along it
• crystal🔊nouna solid substance formed when a chemical compound solidifies, with atoms arranged in a highly regular, repeating pattern
• evaporate🔊verbto become gas or vapor from liquid
• copper🔊nouna metallic chemical element that has a red-brown color, primarily used as a conductor in wiring
• magnetic🔊adjective(physics) possessing the attribute of attracting metal objects such as iron or steel
• friction🔊nounthe resistance or opposing force encountered when one object moves in contact with another
• mass🔊noun(physics) the property of matter that gives it weight in a gravitational field and is a measure of its inertia
• density🔊noun(physics) the degree to which a substance is compacted, measured by dividing its mass by its volume
• lead🔊nouna heavy soft metal, used in making bullets, in plumbing and roofing, especially in the past
• mercury🔊nouna dense, silvery, toxic metal that is liquid at room temperature and can form different chemical compounds
• nickel🔊nouna hard, silvery, malleable, and corrosion-resistant metallic element used in alloys and plating
• plasma🔊nouna gas with nearly no electrical charge that exists in the sun and other stars
• thermal🔊adjectiverelated to heat or temperature, including how heat moves, how materials expand with temperature changes, and the energy stored in heat
• static🔊adjectiveremaining still, with no change in position

Experimentation29 words

• experimental🔊adjectiverelating to or involving scientific experiments, especially those designed to test hypotheses or explore new ideas
• empirical🔊adjectivebased upon observations or experiments instead of theories or ideas
• disprove🔊verbto show that something is false or incorrect
• correlation🔊nouna mutual relationship between things, where one tends to influence the other
• corroborate🔊verbto provide supporting evidence for a theory, statement, etc.
• corroboration🔊nounsolid proof or evidence that supports a theory or statement
• controlled experiment🔊nounan experiment during which only one Variable is changed to realize the effect of it on the experiment
• Bunsen burner🔊nouna piece of equipment used in a laboratory that can burn gas and create flames
• carbon dating🔊nouna method used for measuring how old an organic material is by calculating the amount of carbon they contain
• clinical trial🔊nouna controlled scientific experiment in which the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment is measured by testing it on people
• falsify🔊verbto prove a statement or theory to be false or incorrect
• classification🔊nounthe process or act of arranging people, objects, or information into categories based on shared characteristics
• randomize🔊verbto employ a method in an experiment that gives every entity an equal chance of being considered; to arrange things in a random order
• statistic🔊nouna number or piece of data representing measurements or facts
• bias🔊verbto unfairly influence or manipulate something or someone in favor of one particular opinion or point of view
• case study🔊nouna recorded analysis of a person, group, event or situation over a length of time
• analytical🔊adjectivedescribing a method for understanding things through the use of logic and detailed thinking
• analysis🔊nouna methodical examination of the whole structure of something and the relation between its components
• methodical🔊adjectivedone in a careful, systematic, and organized manner
• experimentation🔊nounthe process of creating a scientific experiment and checking the results to determine something usually in a lab
• verify🔊verbto examine the truth or accuracy of something
• thesis🔊nouna statement that someone presents as a topic to be argued or examined
• theoretical🔊adjectiveconcerned with understanding and explaining phenomena rather than directly applying them to real-world situations
• protocol🔊nouna detailed set of instructions or rules for conducting experiments, treatments, or procedures
• correlate🔊verbto be closely connected or have mutual effects
• beaker🔊nouna container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory
• dissect🔊verbto analyze something systematically and thoroughly by breaking it down into its individual elements or components
• finding🔊nounthe result of investigating, researching, or calculating the properties, characteristics, or behavior of something
• procedure🔊nouna particular set of actions conducted in a certain way

Time and Space27 words

• fiscal year🔊nouna period of 12 months based on which a company, government or individual does financial reporting or budgeting
• wormhole🔊nouna hypothetical structure that connects regions of space-time that are far apart
• elapse🔊verb(of time) to pass by
• twilight🔊nounthe time in the evening when the sun is below the horizon
• space-time🔊nounthe theory that adds the notion of time to that of a three-dimensional space
• shooting star🔊nouna usually small meteor that burns with a bright light when entering the earth's atmosphere
• Nebula🔊nouna glowing cloud of gas and dust in outer space, often the result of a star explosion or formation
• meteoroid🔊nouna small celestial body that becomes visible as a meteor upon entrance into the atmosphere of the earth
• astrophysics🔊nounthe branch of physics that studies celestial objects and phenomena in the universe, such as stars, galaxies, and cosmic radiation
• astrobiology🔊nouna branch of biology that deals with the study of life in space
• aurora borealis🔊nounthe colored lights, mainly green and red, in the sky seen primarily near the northern magnetic pole
• aurora australis🔊nounthe colored lights, mainly green and red, in the sky seen primarily near the southern magnetic pole
• Greenwich Mean Time🔊nounthe time as measured at Greenwich, London, on the line of 0° longitude, used to calculate the time across the globe
• centennial🔊nounthe 100th anniversary of an event or occasion
• bicentennial🔊nounthe 200th anniversary of an event or occasion
• perpetual🔊adjectivecontinuing forever or indefinitely into the future
• gregorian calendar🔊nounthe calendar introduced by Pope Gregory XII in 1582, as a modification for the Julian Calendar, presently used in many parts of the world
• exoplanet🔊nouna planet that is outside the solar system
• full moon🔊nounthe complete and round-shaped moon as seen from the earth
• zodiac🔊noun(astronomy) the celestial zone in the sky where the sun, moon, and planets appear to move, traditionally divided into twelve equal segments, each associated with a distinct name and symbol
• biennial🔊adjectiveoccurring once every two years
• epoch🔊nouna period of time in history or someone's life, during which significant events happen
• wane🔊verb(of the moon) to gradually decrease in its visible illuminated surface as it progresses from full to new moon
• wax🔊verb(of the moon) to progressively display a larger illuminated section until it turns into a full moon
• dwarf🔊nouna star that is relatively small in size or mass and is not very bright
• crescent🔊adjectivedenoting the shape of the new moon
• eon🔊nounan endless or lengthy period of time

History24 words

• Stone age🔊nounthe early period of human history when people used things such as stone, horn, bone, etc. to make tools
• prehistory🔊nounthe era in human history from which we have no written record
• ice age🔊nounone of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world
• dark ages🔊nounthe era in European history commenced at the end of the Roman Empire in AD 476 and lasted until AD 1000
• the Middle Ages🔊nounan era in European history, between about AD 1000 and AD 1500, when the authority of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian Church was unquestionable
• Iron Age🔊nounthe period that began about 1100 BC when people used iron tools for the first time
• Bronze Age🔊nounthe period when iron was not discovered and people used bronze to make tools
• christian era🔊nounthe period that began with Christ's birth
• paleontology🔊nounthe branch of science that studies fossils
• jurassic🔊adjectiverelating to the period between around 208 to 146 million years ago, when the largest known dinosaurs lived
• cretaceous🔊adjectiverelating to the period between approximately 146 and 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs lived (until their extinction)
• hellenistic🔊adjectiverelating to Greek history, language, and culture, especially the era from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony in 31 BC, during which Greek culture thrived considerably
• archaic🔊adjectivedating back to the ancient past
• barbarian🔊nouna person belonging to a people or group regarded as uncivilized, foreign, or outside the dominant culture
• chronicle🔊verbto record a series of historical events in a detailed way by a chronological order
• anachronism🔊nounsomething occurring at a time when it could not have existed or happened
• archeology🔊nounthe study of civilizations of the past and historical periods by the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains
• ruin🔊noun(plural) the remains of something such as a building after it has been seriously damaged or destroyed
• circa🔊prepositionused typically before a date to show that it is not exact
• tsar🔊nounthe king or emperor of Russia prior to 1917
• the Commonwealth🔊nounthe political structure during a period in the history of the UK between 1649 and 1660, called the interregnum, during which the country was ruled without a king or queen
• antiquity🔊nounthe historical period before the Middle Ages, especially before the sixth century when Greeks and Romans were the most prosperous
• enlightenment🔊nouna philosophical movement in the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason and science were of more importance than tradition and religion
• colony🔊nounany territory under the full or partial control of another more powerful nation, often occupied by settlers from that nation

Physical Appearance31 words

• acne🔊nouna skin condition in which small red spots appear on the face or the neck, mainly affecting teenagers
• birthmark🔊nouna brownish or reddish mark that some people have on their skin since they are born
• callus🔊nounan area of skin that has turned hard and rough by being constantly exposed to friction
• dimple🔊nouna small hollow place in the flesh, especially one that forms in the cheeks when one smiles
• albino🔊nouna person or animal born with no pigment, which is a genetic condition that can turn the skin and hair white and the eyes pink
• redhead🔊noun(sometimes offensive) someone who has reddish hair
• balding🔊adjectivebeginning to lose hair and become bald
• dreamy🔊adjectivevery attractive or beautiful
• dowdy🔊adjective(of a person or their clothing) lacking style, elegance, or fashionable appeal
• photogenic🔊adjectivedescribing someone who looks attractive in photographs or on film
• shaggy🔊adjective(of hair or fur) long, untidy and thick
• shaven🔊adjectivewith the hair removed from the head or the face by shaving
• hairdo🔊nounthe way in which someone's hair is arranged
• bang🔊noun(plural) the front part of someone's hair cut in a way that hangs across their forehead
• braid🔊nouna hairstyle created by interweaving three or more strands of hair into a patterned structure
• frizzy🔊adjective(of hair) having a lot of small tight curls that are neither smooth nor shiny
• smirk🔊verbto give a half-smile, often displaying satisfaction, superiority, or amusement
• sneer🔊nouna smile or remark directed at someone as a sign of mockery or disrespect
• mole🔊nouna small dark brown spot or lump on the skin
• adonis🔊nouna very good-looking or sexually appealing young man
• brunette🔊nouna person, usually a woman, with dark brown hair and white skin
• unkempt🔊adjective(of hair) not brushed or cut neatly
• supple🔊adjectiveslender and flexible, able to bend or move smoothly and with elegance
• gross🔊adjectivefat in an unattractive way
• languid🔊adjectivemoving in a slow, effortless, and attractive manner
• luscious🔊adjectivesexually attractive and very seductive
• punky🔊adjectivehaving an appearance or attitude that is characteristic of people who play punk music
• dainty🔊adjectivepleasantly small and attractive, often implying a sense of elegance
• trim🔊verbto cut beard, hair, or fur in a neat and orderly manner
• bun🔊nouna hairstyle in which The hair is pulled back from the face, twisted, and coiled on top
• squint🔊verbto have eyes that are pointed in different directions

The Fashion World37 words

• bracelet🔊nouna decorative item, worn around the wrist or arm
• bandana🔊nouna large piece of cloth with vibrant colors worn around the neck or head
• blazer🔊nouna type of light jacket either worn with pants that do not match or as a uniform by the members of a union, school, club, etc.
• pullover🔊nouna warm knitted piece of clothing made of wool with long sleeves and no buttons
• buckle🔊nouna piece of metal or plastic with a hinged pin that is used for fastening a belt, bag, shoe, etc.
• bonnet🔊nouna hat with strings tied under the chin, worn by women or children, especially in the past
• cloak🔊nouna loose overgarment without sleeves fastened at the neck
• cufflink🔊nouneach of the pair of decorative buttons linked to a man's shirt cuff
• brooch🔊nouna decorative ornament, often metal set with gems or enamel, fastened to clothing by a hinged pin and catch
• locket🔊nouna small decorative case, usually made of valuable metal, which a memento can be kept inside and is worn around the neck on a chain or necklace
• tiara🔊nouna piece of jewelry, decorated by gemstones, resembling a small crown worn on the front of the head by women
• low-cut🔊adjective(of women's clothing) designed with a neckline that dips low at the front
• hijab🔊nouna religious piece of clothing, worn by some Muslim women in public, covering the head and neck
• loafer🔊nouna type of shoe that is flat with a low heel, made of leather, and can be worn without fastening
• nightgown🔊nouna long loose garment similar to a nightdress, worn by women or girls in bed
• high-top🔊adjective(of athletic footwear) covering the ankle of the wearer
• V-neck🔊noun(of a piece of clothing) having a neckline in the shape of the letter V
• becoming🔊adjective(of clothes, colors, hairstyles etc.) enhancing the wearer's appearance and making them more attractive
• overdressed🔊adjectivewearing clothes that are too formal or excessive for a particular occasion
• underdressed🔊adjectivewearing clothes that are too casual or inadequate for a particular occasion
• waistline🔊nounthe measurement around the middle part of someone's body
• mohair🔊nouna soft yarn or fabric, made from the fine wool of the angora goat
• leotard🔊nouna tight-fitting garment made of stretchy fabric, covering the body from the shoulders to the top of the thighs, worn especially by ballet dancers, acrobats, etc.
• velvet🔊nouna cloth with a smooth and thick surface, typically made of cotton or silk
• satin🔊nouna type of very smooth fabric with a glossy surface
• suede🔊nounsoft leather with a velvety surface, used for making shoes, jackets, etc.
• cashmere🔊nounfine, soft wool that is originally taken from the undercoat of the Kashmir goat
• strap🔊nouna narrow piece of cloth, leather, etc. used for fastening, carrying, or holding onto something
• revealing🔊adjective(of a piece of clothing) displaying more of the wearer's body than usual
• anklet🔊nouna piece of jewelry that is worn around the ankle
• chic🔊adjectivehaving an appealing appearance that is stylish
• cape🔊nouna loose garment without sleeves that is fastened at the neck and hangs from the shoulders, shorter than a cloak
• cut🔊nounthe way a garment is cut, giving it a particular style
• flamboyant🔊adjectiveexhibiting striking and showy characteristics, often characterized by extravagance or exuberance
• flattering🔊adjectiveimproving or emphasizing someone's good features, making them appear more attractive
• textile🔊nounany type of knitted, felted or woven cloth
• ragged🔊adjective(of clothes) shabby, old and in poor condition

Language and Grammar37 words

• etymology🔊nounthe study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings
• phonetics🔊nounthe science and study of speech sounds and their production
• linguistics🔊nounthe study of the evolution and structure of language in general or of certain languages
• declension🔊noun(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender
• conjugate🔊verb(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.
• prefix🔊noun(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the beginning of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word
• suffix🔊noun(grammar) a letter or a set of letters that are added to the end of a word to alter its meaning and make a new word
• adjectival🔊adjective(grammar) connected with or functioning as an adjective
• adverbial🔊adjectiveconnected with or functioning as an adverb
• sarcasm🔊nounthe use of words that convey the opposite meaning as a way to annoy someone or for creating a humorous effect
• allusion🔊nouna statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device
• alliteration🔊nounthe use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device
• euphemism🔊nouna word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite
• paradox🔊nouna logically contradictory statement that might actually be true
• hyperbole🔊nouna technique used in speech and writing to exaggerate the extent of something
• pun🔊nouna clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has
• rhetorical🔊adjectiveconnected with the art of writing or speaking in an effective or persuasive way
• satire🔊nounhumor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.
• tautology🔊nounthe redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase
• idiolect🔊noun(linguistics) the speech pattern that an individual uses at a particular period of life
• asterisk🔊nounthe symbol * used in writing or printing to show that there is more information about something in the footnote or as an indication of importance or omission
• punctuate🔊verbto use punctuation marks in a text in order to make it more understandable
• phoneme🔊nounthe smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation
• semantics🔊noun(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with meaning, reference, or truth
• lexis🔊noun(linguistics) all the words and phrases of a language, including the function words
• lexicon🔊nounthe complete set of meaningful units in a language or a branch of knowledge, or words or phrases that a speaker uses
• homophone🔊noun(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin
• homonym🔊nouneach of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin
• gender🔊noun(grammar) a class of words indicating whether they are feminine, masculine, or neuter
• subjunctive🔊adjective(grammar) related to verbs that express wishes, possibility, or doubt
• jargon🔊nounwords, phrases, and expressions used by a specific group or profession, which are incomprehensible to others
• analogy🔊nouna comparison between two different things, done to explain the similarities between them
• articulate🔊verbto pronounce or utter something in a clear and precise way
• affirmative🔊adjective(grammar) expressing or indicating a positive statement or response
• irony🔊nouna form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect
• syntax🔊noun(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language
• mood🔊noun(grammar) a group of verb forms that indicate if the action or state is conceived as a statement, question, command or in another way

Communication33 words

• ADSL🔊nouna method of connecting to the Internet using a phone line that allows you to use that phone line at the same time
• area code🔊nouna series of numbers at the beginning of a phone number that specifies a region, town, etc.
• caller ID🔊nouna system that shows the phone number of an incoming call
• call waiting🔊nouna phone service that enables one to know or answer an incoming call during another call
• HTML🔊noun(computing) a markup language used for the documents that are supposed to be displayed on the World Wide Web
• EMS🔊nouna system for communicating music, pictures, and lengthy written messages between mobile phones
• hypertext🔊nouna database format that contains links by which one can access related information on a display directly from that display
• IP address🔊noun(computing) a set of numbers separated by dots that a computer with an active Internet connection is identified with
• Internet service provider🔊nouna company that provides its customers with Internet access and related services
• hotspot🔊nouna public place where a wireless Internet connection is made available
• MMS🔊nouna cellular service that allows one to send and receive color pictures, sounds, etc. on their cell phone
• SMS🔊nouna cellular service of sending and receiving brief text messages on a mobile phone
• telegraph🔊nouna communication system by which people were able to send and receive messages over long distances, using electrical or radio signals
• intercom🔊nouna communication system that allows people in different parts of a plane, office, etc. to speak to each other
• teleconference🔊nouna meeting held among several people who are in different locations, linked via the Internet
• payphone🔊nouna telephone in a public place that one needs to pay for, mostly by prepaid cards
• ad blocker🔊nouna piece of software that prevents pop-up advertisements from appearing on a website
• carbon copy🔊nounused on a business letter or email indicating that a copy is being sent to the person mentioned
• ego-surfing🔊nounthe act of searching the internet to find one's own name online
• hashtag🔊nouna word or phrase coming after a hash sign '#' used on social media platforms so that one can access all messages with the same subject containing the same hashtag
• hotline🔊nouna direct phone line for emergency calls or calls between heads of governments
• spammer🔊nouna person or organization that sends a large number of unwanted advertisements or messages online
• spoofing🔊noun(computing) the practice of sending emails or spams to someone pretending to be someone else by forging their address
• carrier🔊nouna telecommunications firm that provides a cellular or Internet service
• extension🔊nounan extra telephone connected to the main phone line in a house
• domain🔊nounthe last characters of a website's address such as '.com', '.org', etc.
• cookie🔊noun(computing) data that a web server sends to a browser and receives if the user visits the website again, used for identifying or tracking the user's activities
• bounce🔊verb(of an email) to fail to reach the destination and be sent back to the sender
• ping🔊verbto send a signal to a computer and wait for a reply as a way to test the connection
• handle🔊nounsomeone's username on an online forum or social media platform
• mailing list🔊nouna list of names and addresses to which advertising material, information, etc. may be mailed regularly
• troll🔊noun(computing) someone who posts hostile, irrelevant, or offensive comments on a website or social media to annoy others
• lurk🔊verbto read online forums, chats, or social media without participating or revealing oneself

Transportation40 words

• aerial🔊adjectiverelating to a plane or other aircraft
• airbase🔊nounthe base of operation for the aircraft of military forces
• airfield🔊nouna level area in which military or private aircraft can take off and land
• charter🔊nounthe renting of a plane, ship, etc.
• charter flight🔊nouna flight in which a travel agency pays for all the tickets beforehand and then sells them to their customers
• airliner🔊nouna large aircraft for transporting passengers
• airstrip🔊nouna long and narrow piece of land where an aircraft can take off or land
• aviator🔊nouna person who operates an aircraft
• conveyor belt🔊nouna continuous moving surface or strip, used for transporting objects from one part of a building to another, especially in a factory or an airport
• customs🔊nounthe place at an airport or port where passengers' bags are checked for illegal goods as they enter a country
• disembark🔊verb(off passengers) to get off a plane, train, or ship once it has reached its destination
• black box🔊nouna device in a plane that records all the information during the flight which is used to discover the cause in case of an accident
• standby ticket🔊nouna cheap ticket that is not available in advance, purchasable just before the departure of a plane or the start of a performance
• derail🔊verb(of a train) to accidentally go off the tracks
• locomotive🔊nouna powered railroad vehicle that pulls a train along
• monorail🔊nouna railway system that has only one rail instead of two, usually in an elevated position
• asphalt🔊nouna black sticky substance which is the combination of dark bituminous pitch with sand or gravel, commonly used in building roads
• cruise control🔊nouna device in a motor vehicle used to maintain a constant speed that is based on the preference of the driver
• sport utility vehicle🔊nouna large car in which the engine delivers power to all four wheels
• tanker🔊nouna ship, aircraft, or road vehicle for carrying liquids, particularly crude oil or gas in large quantities
• sedan🔊nouna car having a closed body with two or four doors and a separated trunk in the back
• ashore🔊adverbtoward the land from the direction of a ship or the sea
• capsize🔊verb(of a boat) to be overturned or to cause it to overturn
• convoy🔊nouna number of vehicles or ships that travel together and are often escorted with armed troops protection
• estimated time of arrival🔊nounthe time at which one is likely to arrive at one's destination
• estimated time of departure🔊nounthe time at which an aircraft, ship, etc. is scheduled for departure
• clearance🔊nounofficial authorization from an airport control tower for an aircraft to take off, land, or proceed on a specified route
• touchdown🔊nounthe very first moment of landing during which the plane's wheels hit the ground
• depot🔊nouna small place where transport vehicles, such as buses or trains, stop to unload their passengers and content
• hail🔊verbto signal an approaching taxi or bus to stop
• porter🔊nounsomeone whose job is carrying people's baggage, particularly at airports, hotels, etc.
• tractor🔊nouna vehicle with large rear wheels and thick tires, mostly used on farms
• ramp🔊nouna short road or pathway that allows vehicles to enter or exit a main road or highway
• adrift🔊adverb(of boats or ships) floating without being anchored or controlled by anyone
• anchor🔊verbto moor a ship or boat to the bottom of the sea to stop it from moving away
• carrier🔊nouna large naval ship equipped to launch and recover aircraft from a flat deck
• shipwreck🔊nouna ship that is destroyed or sunk at sea
• liner🔊nouna large luxurious passenger ship, especially one that travels on a regular schedule and is used for long journeys
• manifest🔊nounan official list of goods, cargo, or passengers carried on a ship, airplane, or other vehicle, used for customs, shipping, or transport purposes
• offshore🔊adverbin the sea, but not too far from the coast

Art33 words

• monochrome🔊adjective(of a picture or photograph) containing or portraying images in black and white or different shades of a single color only
• lowbrow🔊adjectivelacking sophistication or cultural depth
• Rococo🔊nounan elaborate and heavily decorated style of art, architecture, and furniture with asymmetrical patterns that was prevalent in Europe in the 18th century
• classicism🔊nouna style of art and literature associated with harmony, simplicity, and beauty based on the standards of ancient Greece and Rome, Classicism was popular in Europe from the Renaissance to the 18th century
• Dada🔊nounan early 20th-century movement in art, literature, music, and cinema, renouncing and satirizing artistic and social traditions and highlighting the illogical and absurd as a way of protest
• impressionism🔊nouna movement in painting originated in 19th-century France that uses light and color in a way that gives an impression rather than a detailed representation of the subject
• formalism🔊nounan artistic or literary style that considers the rules and proper arrangement of the elements as being the most fundamental factor in comparison with expressing feelings or meaning
• minimalism🔊noun‌a style of art, music, or design that arose in the 1950s and is associated with simplicity and uses only a limited number of elements
• neoclassicism🔊nouna style of art, literature, music, or architecture that imitates the style practiced in ancient Greece and Rome
• postmodernism🔊nouna movement and style in art, literature, architecture, etc. in the 20th century, which reacted against modernism and is usually marked by a return to earlier styles and inclusion of features from various periods
• etch🔊verbto cut or carve designs or writings on a hard surface, often using acid or a laser beam
• bricolage🔊nounthe process of artfully constructing something by means of different objects that are easily accessible
• mural🔊nouna large painting done on a wall
• diptych🔊nouna painting or engraving done on two separate pieces of wood that are hinged and can be closed like a book, usually used as an altarpiece
• easel🔊nouna wooden frame, usually a tripod, that an artist uses to support a canvas
• tempera🔊nouna kind of pigment that is mixed with water or egg yolk in order to be painted on a canvas, paper, etc.
• cityscape🔊nouna painting or photograph representing a city or an urban area
• connoisseur🔊nounan individual who is an expert of art, food, music, etc. and can judge its quality
• conservator🔊nounan organization or a person who is responsible for preserving, repairing, or restoring works of art, cultural sites, or other types of historical heritage
• muse🔊nouna source of inspiration for an artist or author that gives them ideas or motivates them to create works of art
• concrete🔊adjectivereal and tangible, existing in physical form that can be sensed or experienced
• figurative🔊adjectiverepresenting people, animals and objects and forms as they appear in the real world
• somber🔊adjectivedark and gloomy in color, especially gray or black
• baroque🔊nounan ornate and grand style of art, music, and architecture present in the 17th and early 18th centuries in Europe
• expressionism🔊nouna style and movement of art, music, and literature in the early 20th century that expresses extreme feelings and emotions instead of showing events or objects in a realistic manner
• mannerism🔊nouna European style of art in the late 16th century characterized by hyper-idealization and distorted human forms
• naturalism🔊nouna literary and artistic movement initiated in the late 19th century, marked by the accurate depiction of detail
• daub🔊verbto spread a sticky substance such as mud, paint, etc. on a surface in a careless way
• composition🔊nounthe artistic arrangement of people, objects, or elements in a painting or image
• installation🔊nouna form of modern sculpture constructed using sound, light, movement, etc. as well as objects, often as a temporary piece of art
• fresco🔊nouna technique of mural painting that is done by putting watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling
• grotesque🔊nouna work of art or decorative motif featuring an incongruous combination of human, animal, and plant forms
• avant-garde🔊nouna collective or movement at the forefront of experimentation, determined to challenge established conventions and pioneer new forms of expression

Literature and Writing39 words

• abridged🔊adjective(a book, play, text, etc.) made shorter than the original by omitting some details
• allegorical🔊adjective(of a story, play, image, etc.) using characters or events in a symbolic sense that represent a concept, quality, etc.
• acrostic🔊nouna poem or other piece of writing in which certain letters of each line, usually the initial letters, spell out a word or phrase
• doggerel🔊nounhumorous and poorly written poetry
• elegy🔊nouna song or poem expressing sadness, especially in the memory of a dead person or a bitter event in the past
• haiku🔊nouna Japanese poem with three unrhymed lines that have five, seven and five syllables each
• lampoon🔊nouna drawing, speech, or text aiming to criticize something or someone in a humorous manner
• ode🔊nouna lyric poem, written in varied or irregular metrical form, for a particular object, person, or concept
• parody🔊nouna piece of writing, music, etc. that imitates the style of someone else in a humorous way
• sonnet🔊nouna verse of Italian origin that has 14 lines, usually in an iambic pentameter and a prescribed rhyme scheme
• bard🔊nouna person who writes pieces of poetry and stories
• stanza🔊nouna series of lines in a poem, usually with recurring rhyme scheme and meter
• canto🔊nounany of the sections into which a long poem is divided
• conceit🔊nounan elaborate or far-fetched poetic image or comparison between very dissimilar things, used in literature
• enjambement🔊nounthe continuation of a line of poetry into another couplet or stanza without a break
• addendum🔊nouna section of additional material that is usually added at the end of a book
• antagonist🔊nounvillainous character who strongly opposes another person or thing
• blurb🔊nouna short promotional description of a book, motion picture, etc. published on the cover of a book or in an advertisement
• marginalia🔊nounmarks and notes written in the margins of a book or document
• glossary🔊nouna list of technical terms or jargons of a particular field or text, provided in alphabetical order with an explanation for each one
• erratum🔊nounan error in a written or printed document
• codex🔊nounan ancient book, written by hand, especially of scriptures, classics, etc.
• magnum opus🔊nounthe greatest literary or artistic piece that an author or artist has created
• novella🔊nouna work of fiction with an intermediate length, which could be considered a short novel
• plot hole🔊nounan apparent mistake or inconsistency in the narrative of a book, motion picture, etc.
• prolixity🔊nounthe fact of having an excessive number of words that results in being tedious
• satirize🔊verbto use satire in order to criticize or ridicule a system, person, etc.
• lurid🔊adjectiveshocking or sensational, especially in a gruesome or vulgar way
• turgid🔊adjective(of speech or writing) using a serious and elevated style that makes it tedious and complicated
• burlesque🔊nounan absurd or comically exaggerated replication of a literary or dramatic work
• epic🔊nouna long poem in narrative form giving an account of the extraordinary deeds and adventures of a nation's heroes or legends
• lament🔊nouna song, musical piece, poem, etc. that expresses the feeling of sorrow and sadness after a loss or death
• psalm🔊nounany holy poem, song, or hymn, especially the ones in the Book of Psalms, used in Christian and Jewish worship
• rhetoric🔊nounbombastic or meaningless language
• prosody🔊nounthe systematic study of metrical structures and sounds in poetry
• appendix🔊nouna separate part at the end of a book that gives further information
• canon🔊noungenerally accepted rules or principles, especially those that are considered as fundamental in a field of art or philosophy
• motif🔊nouna subject, idea, or phrase that is repeatedly used in a literary work
• epilogue🔊nouna brief section added at the end of a literary work, providing closure, commentary, or resolution

The Entertainment Industry35 words

• blockbusting🔊adjective(particularly of a novel, motion picture, etc.) commercially successful in terms of sales and reception
• cliffhanger🔊nounan ending to an episode of a series that keeps the audience in suspense
• closeup🔊nouna detailed and tightly framed photograph or film shot of a subject at close range
• soliloquy🔊nouna speech that a character in a dramatic play gives in the form of a monologue as a series of inner reflections spoken out loud
• entr'acte🔊nounthe interval between two acts of a theatrical performance
• intermission🔊nouna short pause between parts of a play, movie, etc.
• denouement🔊nounthe last section of a literary or dramatic piece where the plot is concluded and all the matters of the work is explained
• backlot🔊nounan outdoor area in a movie studio, where large exterior sets are constructed and some scenes are shot
• B-movie🔊nouna low-budget motion picture that is considered to be of low quality
• canister🔊nouna cylindrical metal container that is used for storing a roll of film
• clapperboard🔊nouna device used in moviemaking that consists of a hinged board, the parts of which are hit together as the shooting of a scene begins to make sure the sound and the picture are synchronized
• dolly🔊nouna low platform on wheels that is used for carrying a TV or movie camera
• filmstrip🔊nouna series of still images on a film, through which light is shone in order to be projected on a screen
• cinematography🔊nounthe art and methods of film-making, especially the photographic aspect and camerawork
• montage🔊nouna technique or process of selecting, editing, and pasting separate footage in order to create a motion picture
• comedy of manners🔊nouna comic play, movie, book, etc. that portrays the behaviors of a particular social class, satirizing them
• farce🔊nouna play or movie that uses exaggerated humor, absurd situations, and improbable events to entertain
• slapstick🔊nouna comedy with deliberate clumsiness and humorously embarrassing events
• vaudeville🔊nouna type of comic theatrical production combining pantomime, dance, singing, etc. popular in the 1800s and early 1900s
• film noir🔊nouna type of movie involving crime including shadowy footage and dark background music that depicted cynical characters caught in dangerous situations
• matinee🔊nouna musical or dramatic performance that takes place in daytime, especially in the afternoon
• two-hander🔊nouna play that is written in order to be staged only by two actors
• whodunit🔊nouna story, play, movie, etc. about a mystery or murder that the audience cannot solve until the end
• debutante🔊nouna woman who is making a public appearance for the first time, especially in movies or sports
• understudy🔊nounan actor who practices the lines of another actor in order to replace them if necessary
• flashback🔊nouna scene in a story line that interrupts the chronological order and takes the narrative back in time
• fourth wall🔊nounan imaginary barrier that separates the mise en scene and the fictional characters from the audience, especially in a theatrical performance
• computer-generated imagery🔊nounthe use of computer software to create special visual effects in a movie, commercial, etc.
• ovation🔊nounan enthusiastic expression of approval by the audience, typically through clapping
• ad lib🔊nouna line that is recited in a speech or performance without prior preparation
• cameo🔊nouna minor role that is played by a well-known actor
• green room🔊nouna room in a theater, a studio, etc. in which performers can relax while not performing
• coup de theatre🔊nouna drama, show, etc. that achieves success
• continuity🔊nounthe organization of a movie or TV show in a way that the actions and details are consistent in a series of following scenes
• franchise🔊nouna set of related movies, novels, or other creative works that portray the same character or characters across multiple installments, often in different settings or situations, forming a unified narrative or brand

News and Journalism33 words

• anchorman🔊nouna television reporter who coordinates and performs a live broadcast to which several correspondents contribute
• teleprompter🔊nounan electronic device that displays the script for people who are speaking in public, or on television
• teletext🔊nouna service delivering written news and information through television, currently replaced by other information services provided on a television network
• tell-all🔊adjective(of a book, an interview, etc.) including shocking information, revealed by an individual, usually a celebrity
• back issue🔊nounan earlier copy of a magazine or a newspaper
• lead story🔊nounan item of news that is given the most prominence in a news broadcast, magazine, or newspaper
• gazette🔊nounan official journal or newspaper that contains serious information about decision making and policies, published by an organization
• advertorial🔊nouna piece of advertisement in a newspaper or magazine, designed to seem like an objective article and not an advertisement
• byline🔊nouna line that gives the writer's name, usually at the beginning or end of a column
• canard🔊nouna baseless and made-up story or news report created to mislead people
• write-up🔊nouna written account in a newspaper to review a book, performance, or event
• yellow journalism🔊nouna style of reporting that prioritizes sensationalism, exaggeration, and misleading tactics to attract readership
• stop press🔊nounthe most recent and important news that is added to a newspaper at the last moment before printing or after the start of the printing process, especially as a heading
• sidebar🔊nouna brief piece in a newspaper printed next to the main article, providing additional information
• roundup🔊nouna summary of the most significant news
• rave🔊nounan enthusiastic article published in a magazine or newspaper about a particular film, book, etc.
• lede🔊nounthe first sentence or paragraph of a news story, presenting the most significant aspects of the story
• op-ed🔊nouna section in the newspaper that contains personal opinions about the news and feature articles, opposite the editorial page
• offprint🔊nounan article that has been separately published as a piece in a magazine or newspaper
• obituary🔊nounan article or report, especially in a newspaper, published soon after the death of a person, typically containing details about their life
• hit piece🔊nouna report, article, etc. that aims to bring down someone by presenting forged facts
• masthead🔊nounthe title of a magazine or newspaper at the top of the first page
• blaze🔊verbto announce news, in a way and manner that it gets a lot of attention
• carry🔊verb(of a television, radio network, or newspaper) to broadcast or publish something, or to include specific information in a report
• backstory🔊nounbackground information that explains the circumstances of a news story or event
• broadsheet🔊nouna newspaper that is published on a large piece of paper regarded as more serious
• organ🔊nouna newspaper, periodical, or magazine published by a particular group or organization to promote their views
• biweekly🔊nounsomething that occurs or is published every two weeks, typically referring to a publication, such as a newspaper or magazine, that is issued or updated once every two weeks
• censorship🔊nounthe act or policy of eliminating or prohibiting any part of a movie, book, etc.
• supplement🔊nouna separate section, usually in the form of a colored magazine, sold with a newspaper
• stringer🔊nouna journalist who is not an employee of a newspaper, but who supplies stories for that newspaper from time to time
• scoop🔊nouna piece of news reported by a news agency sooner than other media channels or newspapers
• mouthpiece🔊nouna person, newspaper, or organization that represents the views of another person, a government, etc.

Education39 words

• grade point average🔊nouna number indicating how well a student is doing in the US education system
• General Equivalency Diploma🔊nounan official certificate in the US that people who did not complete high school can obtain by taking some classes and successfully passing a test, which is the equivalent of the actual high school diploma
• Bachelor of Arts🔊nouna university degree awarded to someone who has passed a certain number of credits in the arts, humanities, or some other disciplines
• Bachelor of Science🔊nouna university degree that a student receives in particular subjects, generally after three to five years of study
• alumna🔊nouna former female student or pupil of a school, university, or college
• alumnus🔊nouna person, particularly a male one, who is a former student of a college, university, or school
• alma mater🔊nounthe university, college, or school that one used to study at
• cum laude🔊adverb(in the US) with the third highest level of distinction achievable by a student
• freshman🔊nouna high-school or university student who is in their first year of education
• dropout🔊nounsomeone who leaves school or college before finishing their studies
• blended learning🔊nounan educational method in which students learn with the help of electronic and online media as well as traditional classroom teaching
• community college🔊nouna two-year college providing higher education, primarily for students from the local community
• co-education🔊nounthe practice of teaching pupils of both sexes together in a school
• continuing education🔊nounshort-term or part-time courses provided for adults who have finished their formal education
• special education🔊nounthe education of children with special needs, especially those who have physical or learning problems
• collegiate🔊adjectiverelating to a college or its students
• academy🔊nouna college or school that provides people with special training
• absentee🔊nounsomeone who is not present at school, work, etc. when they are supposed to be
• colloquium🔊nouna formal and academic conference or seminar
• curricular🔊adjectiverelating to the topics that a course of study in a school or college consists of
• custodian🔊nouna person employed to clean, maintain, or care for a building
• dean🔊nounthe head of a faculty or a department of studies in a university
• full professor🔊nouna professor who has the highest rank in a university
• guidance counselor🔊nounsomeone who is responsible for advising students about educational and personal decisions
• expulsion🔊nounthe act of expelling or forcing someone to leave a particular place, especially a school
• enroll🔊verbto officially register oneself or someone else as a participant in a course, school, etc.
• enrollment🔊nounthe process or action of joining a school, course, etc.
• sorority🔊nouna social club for female students in a university or college, especially in the US and Canada
• SAT🔊nouna test that high school students take before college or university in the US
• conservatory🔊nouna school or college that people attend to for studying music, theater, or some other form of art
• extracurricular🔊adjectivenot included in the regular course of study at a college or school
• credit🔊nounrecognition by an educational institution that a course or unit has been successfully completed, often quantified in hours
• faculty🔊nounthe staff who teach or conduct research in a university or college
• chair🔊nounthe position that a university professor has
• scholar🔊nounsomeone who has a lot of knowledge about a particular subject, especially in the humanities
• detention🔊nouna type of punishment for students who have done something wrong and as a result, they cannot go home at the same time as others
• suspend🔊verbto temporarily prevent someone from going to school as a punishment because they did something wrong
• extension🔊nouneducational programs provided by colleges or universities to non-regular students
• fraternity🔊nouna social club for male students in a university or college, especially in the US and Canada

Feelings and Emotions39 words

• agitate🔊verbto make someone feel annoyed, anxious, or angry
• disgrace🔊verbto bring shame or dishonor on oneself or other people
• astound🔊verbto greatly shock or surprise someone
• dumbfound🔊verbto make someone feel greatly shocked or amazed so much that they are speechless
• abhor🔊verbto hate a behavior or way of thought, believing that it is morally wrong
• amorous🔊adjectivesuggestive of sexual desire
• antagonism🔊nouna state of active opposition or hostility toward someone or something, characterized by conflict and resistance
• confrontational🔊adjectivelikely to cause arguments because of being aggressive
• dismay🔊nounthe sadness and worry provoked by an unpleasant surprise
• contemptuous🔊adjectivedevoid of respect for someone or something
• diffident🔊adjectivehaving low self-confidence
• disgust🔊verbto make someone feel upset, shocked, and sometimes offended about something
• fidgety🔊adjectiveunable to stay still and calm
• ecstatic🔊adjectiveextremely excited and happy
• exasperated🔊adjectivefeeling intense frustration, especially due to an unsolvable problem
• frantic🔊adjectivegreatly frightened and worried about something, in a way that is uncontrollable
• delirious🔊adjectiveuncontrollably excited or happy
• grieve🔊verbto feel intense sorrow, especially because someone has died
• infatuated🔊adjectivestrongly but briefly in love or obsessed with someone or something
• infuriate🔊verbto make someone extremely angry
• dreary🔊adjectiveboring and repetitive that makes one feel unhappy
• exhilarate🔊verbto make one feel extremely excited, pleased, and delighted
• joyous🔊adjectivefull of happiness and delight
• lonesome🔊adjectiveunhappy because of loneliness
• disillusioned🔊adjectivefeeling disappointed because someone or something is not as worthy or good as one believed
• despondency🔊nounthe state of being unhappy and despairing
• outrage🔊nounthe extreme feeling of rage and anger
• self-loathing🔊nounan intense feeling of hatred or disgust toward oneself
• petrify🔊verbto make someone so frightened that they cannot move or speak
• beam🔊verbto smile joyfully in an obvious way
• desolate🔊adjectivefeeling very lonely and sad
• grave🔊adjectiveserious and solemn in manner or character
• drowsy🔊adjectivefeeling very sleepy
• edgy🔊adjectivefeeling anxious and easily irritated
• enchant🔊verbto strongly attract someone and make them interested and excited
• frustrate🔊verbto make someone feel annoyed or upset for not being able to achieve what they desire
• apathy🔊nouna general lack of interest, concern, or enthusiasm toward things in life
• melancholy🔊nouna feeling of long-lasting sadness that often cannot be explained
• hysteria🔊noungreat excitement, anger, or fear that makes someone unable to control their emotions, and as a result, they start laughing, crying, etc.

Advice and Decision31 words

• commend🔊verbto speak positively about someone or something and suggest their suitability
• deliberate🔊verbto think carefully about something and consider it before making a decision
• edify🔊verbto make someone develop intellectually or morally
• enjoin🔊verbto tell someone to do something by ordering or instructing them
• expostulate🔊verbto strongly argue, disapprove, or disagree with someone or something
• heed🔊verbto be attentive to advice or a warning
• remonstrate🔊verbto argue and express one's disagreement or objection to something
• opt🔊verbto choose something over something else
• procrastinate🔊verbto postpone something that needs to be done
• consultancy🔊nounthe practice of giving professional advice within a particular field
• disincentive🔊nounsomething that makes one less encouraged to do something
• mentor🔊nouna reliable and experienced person who helps those with less experience
• mentee🔊nounsomeone who is advised or trained under the supervision of a mentor
• volition🔊nounthe faculty to use free will and make decisions
• ambivalent🔊adjectivehaving contradictory views or feelings about something or someone
• incisive🔊adjectivecapable of quickly grasping complex topics and offer clear and insightful perspectives
• inexpedient🔊adjectiveimpractical, inconvenient, and inadvisable
• irresolute🔊adjectivehesitant and uncertain about what to do
• unanimous🔊adjective(of a group) fully in agreement on something
• undisputed🔊adjectiveaccepted as true or genuine, without any doubt or disagreement
• admonish🔊verbto strongly advise a person to take a particular action
• contemplate🔊verbto think about or consider something as a possibility
• hustle🔊verbto convince or make someone do something
• proffer🔊verb‌to offer an explanation, advice, or one's opinion on something
• waver🔊verbto hold back and hesitate due to uncertainty
• resolve🔊verbto make a decision with determination
• sermon🔊nounethical advice that one gives during a long conversation
• steer🔊nouna signal, advice, or indication pointing to a potential opportunity or course of action
• veto🔊nouna vote or formal decision that prevents a proposal or measure from being approved
• fuzzy🔊adjectiveconfused and unable to think clearly
• indeterminate🔊adjectivenot known, measured, or specified precisely

Personal Characteristics34 words

• impudent🔊adjectiverude and disrespectful, often toward authority or elders
• accommodating🔊adjectiveeager or willing to help others
• conceited🔊adjectivetaking excessive pride in oneself
• boastful🔊adjectiveshowing excessive self-satisfaction in one's accomplishments, possessions, or capabilities
• assiduous🔊adjectiveworking very hard and with careful attention to detail so that everything is done as well as possible
• cunning🔊adjectiveable to achieve what one wants through sly or underhanded means
• depraved🔊adjectiveexhibiting extreme moral corruption or twisted values, often reflecting profound wickedness
• diabolical🔊adjectivetremendously wicked or evil, just like the Devil
• ingenuous🔊adjectiveshowing simplicity, honesty, or innocence and willing to trust others due to a lack of life experience
• tactful🔊adjectivecareful not to make anyone upset or annoyed
• zealous🔊adjectiveshowing impressive commitment and enthusiasm for something
• simple-minded🔊adjective(of a person) not intelligent and unable to comprehend complicated matters
• egocentric🔊adjectivethinking only about oneself, not about other people's needs or desires
• adept🔊adjectivehighly skilled, proficient, or talented in a particular activity or field
• presumptuous🔊adjectivefailing to respect boundaries, doing something despite having no right in doing so
• fickle🔊adjective(of a person) likely to change their mind or feelings in a senseless manner too frequently
• obstinate🔊adjectivestubborn and unwilling to change one's behaviors, opinions, views, etc. despite other people's reasoning and persuasion
• courteous🔊adjectivebehaving with politeness and respect
• benevolent🔊adjectiveshowing kindness and generosity
• gallant🔊adjective(of a man or his manners) behaving with courtesy and politeness toward women
• rambunctious🔊adjectiveloud, energetic, and hard to control, often in a playful or wild way
• quick-witted🔊adjectiveable to respond or react quickly and cleverly, especially in conversation or situations requiring immediate thought
• abusive🔊adjectivetreating someone cruelly and violently, especially in a physical or psychological way
• base🔊adjectivecompletely lacking moral or honorable purpose or character
• cowardly🔊adjectivelacking courage, typically avoiding difficult or dangerous situations
• diligent🔊adjectivesteadily persevering with care, precision, or attention to detail
• agile🔊adjectiveable to move quickly and easily
• rational🔊adjective(of a person) avoiding emotions and taking logic into account when making decisions
• naive🔊adjectivelacking experience and wisdom due to being young
• conscientious🔊adjectiveacting in accordance with one's conscience and sense of duty
• mischievous🔊adjectiveenjoying causing trouble or playfully misbehaving, often in a harmless way
• shallow🔊adjectivelacking depth of character, seriousness, mindful thinking, or real understanding
• sophisticated🔊adjectivehaving refined taste, elegance, and knowledge of complex matters
• neurotic🔊adjectiveexperiencing significant emotional instability or anxiety

Shapes29 words

• asymmetry🔊noun(geometry) a lack of symmetry or equivalence in shape or size between the two sides or parts of something
• asymmetric🔊adjectivenot having identical parts facing each other or around an axis
• symmetric🔊adjectivehaving identical parts facing each other or around an axis
• geometric🔊adjectiveconnected with the branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between lines, angles and surfaces
• perimeter🔊nounthe total length of the external boundary of something
• semicircle🔊nounany half of a circle
• cylinder🔊noun(geometry) a solid or hollow shape with two circular bases at each end and straight parallel sides
• concentric🔊adjectivedescribing circles, arcs, or rings that have the same center
• pentagon🔊nouna geometric shape with five angles and five straight sides
• zigzag🔊noun(geometry) a shape that consists of a line alternating its direction to left and right
• hexagon🔊noun(geometry) a closed shape with six straight sides and six angles
• polygon🔊noun(geometry) a flat shape consisting of three or more straight sides
• octagon🔊noun(geometry) a polygon consisting of eight straight sides and eight angles
• rhombus🔊noun(geometry) a flat shape with four equal sides in which opposite angles are equal
• conical🔊adjectiveresembling a cone in shape
• hemisphere🔊nouneither half of a sphere
• diagonal🔊adjective(of a straight line) joining opposite corners of a flat shape at an angle
• crescent🔊nouna curved shape with narrow points at the ends that appears wider in the middle, like the shape of the moon in its first and last quarters
• arc🔊nouna curved shape
• axis🔊nouna straight line that defines the symmetry or structure of a figure or object
• prism🔊noun(geometry) a solid figure with flat sides and two parallel ends of the same size and shape
• spiral🔊adjectivehaving a shape that winds around a central point or axis
• oblong🔊nouna rectangular figure that has unequal adjacent sides with arched angles
• oval🔊nouna shape that is wide in the middle and narrow at both ends
• helix🔊noun(geometry) a line curved on a conical or cylindrical surface, like a spiral staircase in shape
• rhomboid🔊noun(geometry) a parallelogram with four straight sides and no right angles
• cubic🔊adjectiveresembling a cube in shape
• curl🔊nounsomething that resembles a spiral or coil
• lozenge🔊noun(geometry) a four-sided figure with opposite equal angles, forming a diamond shape

The Animal Kingdom40 words

• amphibious🔊adjective(of animals) capable of surviving both on land and in water
• feline🔊nounany animal in the cat family
• whisker🔊nounany of the long, stiff hairs that grow on the face of a cat, mouse, etc.
• tusk🔊nouneach of the curved pointy teeth of some animals such as elephants, boars, etc., especially one that stands out from the closed mouth
• snout🔊nounthe long and protruding facial part of an animal which comprises its nose and mouth, especially in a mammal
• fang🔊nouna long, pointed tooth found in carnivorous animals, used for biting, gripping, and tearing flesh
• fauna🔊nounthe animals of a particular geological period or region
• lair🔊nouna place where a wild animal lives, hides, or takes refuge
• vermin🔊nounsmall animals or insects that are believed to be destructive and are difficult to handle when they appear in a considerable number
• hibernate🔊verb(of some animals or plants) to spend the winter sleeping deeply
• predator🔊nounany animal that lives by hunting and eating other animals
• bird of prey🔊nouna bird, such as an eagle or a hawk, that feeds on animal flesh
• chirp🔊nouna short sharp sound characteristic of a bird or an insect
• nestling🔊nouna bird that is too young to leave the nest built by its parents, especially one that has not yet learned how to fly
• plumage🔊nounthe feathers of a bird covering its body
• crustacean🔊nouna sea creature with a hard shell and jointed legs such as crabs and lobsters
• arachnid🔊nouna class of terrestrial arthropods that breathe air and have four pairs of limbs, such as spiders, scorpions, etc.
• tapeworm🔊nouna parasitic flatworm that is shaped like a ribbon and lives in the intestines of mammals
• silverfish🔊nouna small wingless insect that is silvery and nocturnal, which feeds on paper products or clothing
• arthropod🔊nounan invertebrate animal with a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton, such as a spider, crab, etc.
• centipede🔊nounan arthropod with many pairs of legs and a pair of poisonous fangs
• chrysalis🔊nounthe stage of the metamorphosis that comes between the larval and adult stages of a moth or butterfly
• cocoon🔊nouna silky covering that the larvae of some insects make around themselves during metamorphosis
• larva🔊nouna young form of an insect or an animal that has come out of the egg but has not yet developed into an adult
• exoskeleton🔊nounthe hard outer covering that supports the body of an animal, such as an arthropod
• louse🔊nouna small parasitic insect that lives and feeds on the body of warm-blooded animals
• mollusk🔊nounany invertebrate that lives in aquatic or damp habitats and has a soft unsegmented body, often covered with a shell
• leech🔊nouna parasitic or predatory worm of the annelid family that lives in freshwaters and drinks blood by attaching itself to its prey
• canine🔊nouna member of the dog family, including domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, and related animals
• game🔊nounwild animals or birds that are hunted for food or sport
• graze🔊verb(of sheep, cows, etc.) to feed on the grass in a field
• litter🔊nouna group of newly-born mammals from the same mother
• prey🔊nounan animal that is hunted and eaten by another animal
• crest🔊nouna prominent feature exhibited by some birds on their heads, consisting of feathers, fur, or skin
• fowl🔊nouna domesticated bird that is particularly kept for its meat and eggs
• incubate🔊verbto keep an egg in a favorable condition to help it develop until it hatches
• talon🔊nouna long, sharp nail on the foot of some birds, especially birds of prey
• sponge🔊nouna marine invertebrate with a body full of holes through which water can circulate and nutrients can be absorbed
• school🔊nouna large number of fish or sea mammals that swim together
• clam🔊nounan edible marine shellfish living in sand or mud

Food and Restaurant37 words

• culinary🔊adjectivehaving to do with the preparation, cooking, or presentation of food
• regimen🔊nouna set of instructions given to someone regarding what they should eat or do to maintain or restore their health
• starchy🔊adjective(of food) containing starch in large amounts
• pungent🔊adjectivehaving a strong, sharp smell or taste that can be overpowering and somewhat unpleasant
• wholefood🔊nounfood that contains little or no artificial substance and is considered healthy
• oatmeal🔊nouna thick, soft food from ground oats, eaten usually for breakfast
• wheatmeal🔊nounan unbleached flour that is made by grinding whole grains of wheat
• yeast🔊nouna type of fungus capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide, used in making alcoholic drinks and bread swell
• starch🔊nouna white carbohydrate food substance that exists in flour, potatoes, rice, etc.
• hors d'oeuvre🔊nouna small dish served before the main course as an appetizer
• aperitif🔊nouna drink, particularly alcoholic, consumed before a meal to stimulate one's appetite
• stew🔊nouna dish of vegetables or meat cooked at a low temperature in liquid in a closed container
• broil🔊verbto cook food, especially meat or fish, under or over direct heat
• garnish🔊verbto make food look more delicious by decorating it
• season🔊verbto add spices or salt to food to make it taste better
• marinade🔊verbto leave food in a seasoned liquid, typically containing oil, vinegar, herbs, and spices, to enhance its flavor and tenderness before cooking
• julienne🔊adjective(of vegetables) cut into short narrow strips
• saute🔊verbto quickly fry food in a small amount of hot oil
• knead🔊verbto form and press dough or wet clay with the hands
• mash🔊verbto crush food into a soft mass
• defrost🔊verbto cause something frozen become warmer to melt away the ice or frost
• dine out🔊verbto have dinner in a restaurant or at someone else's home
• doggy bag🔊nouna bag for taking home one's leftover food in a restaurant
• hotplate🔊nouna small appliance with a metal or ceramic surface used for cooking or reheating food
• maitre d'hotel🔊nounsomeone who is in charge of the waiters and waitresses of a restaurant
• kosher🔊adjective(of food) prepared according to Jewish law
• halal🔊adjective(of food) prepared according to Islamic law
• texture🔊nounthe way that a certain type of food feels in one's mouth, whether it is hard, smooth, etc.
• tender🔊adjective(of food) easy to chew or cut
• veggie🔊nouna plant or part of a plant that is eaten as food
• crusty🔊adjective(of food) having a hard or crisp covering or outer layer
• wholesome🔊adjective(of food) nutritious, healthy, and beneficial for one's well-being
• poach🔊verbto cook food, especially fish, in a small amount of boiling water or another liquid
• dice🔊verbto cut food into small cubes
• grind🔊verbto crush something into small particles by rubbing or pressing it against a hard surface
• scramble🔊verbto mix an egg yolk with its egg whites and then cook it, usually with milk or butter
• rotisserie🔊nouna restaurant that specializes in barbecued or roasted meat

Healthcare and Medicine35 words

• primary health care🔊nounthe first medical treatment one receives for sickness, for instance, from a family doctor
• medicate🔊verbto administer a drug or treat a patient using drugs
• immunize🔊verbto protect an animal or a person from a disease by vaccination
• tranquilize🔊verbto make a person or animal calm or unconscious using drugs, like sedatives
• inoculation🔊nounthe process of boosting the immunity system of a person or animal against a disease by vaccination
• quarantine🔊verbto isolate a person or animal for a specific period due to illness, suspicion of illness, or to prevent the potential spread of a disease
• sedative🔊nounany drug that is used to make one feel calm or induce sleep
• laxative🔊nouna substance, usually a drug, used to stimulate evacuation of the bowels
• ointment🔊nouna substance, usually smooth and oily, rubbed on the skin for medical purposes
• aseptic🔊adjectivepreventing infection by avoiding contamination with bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens
• morphine🔊nouna narcotic drug that is extracted from opium and is medicinally used to relieve pain
• salve🔊nounany medicinal ointment that accelerates the recovery of the skin barrier or protects it
• radiotherapy🔊nounthe process of treating a disease, particularly cancer, using X-rays or similar forms of radiation
• chemotherapy🔊nounthe process of treating a disease, particularly cancer, using chemicals
• occupational therapy🔊nounthe process of treating a patient's physical or mental illness using specific activities
• pediatrics🔊nounthe branch of medicine that is concerned with children and their conditions
• orthopedics🔊nounthe branch of medicine that is concerned with bones and muscles, and their diseases and injuries
• gynecology🔊nounthe branch of medicine that is concerned with diseases that are specific to women, especially those that affect their reproductive organs
• geriatrics🔊nounthe branch of medicine that focuses on the healthcare of elderly people
• acupressure🔊nounan alternative therapy in which pressure is put on specific parts of the body with hands and fingers
• hypnotherapy🔊nounthe process of using hypnosis as a therapeutic technique
• herbalism🔊nounthe medicinal and therapeutic use of plants and plant extracts to treat illnesses
• complementary medicine🔊nouna wide range of treatments for medical conditions that fall outside of mainstream healthcare
• scrubs🔊nouna two-piece protective garment that is worn by surgeons in the operation room
• curettage🔊nounan operation in which small sharp tools are used to remove material from inside the uterus or another body part
• amputation🔊nounsurgical removal of a limb or a part of it
• biopsy🔊nounthe process of removing and analyzing tissue from the body of a sick person to learn more about their condition
• prognosis🔊nouna professional opinion regarding the likely course of an illness
• narcotic🔊nouna drug that reduces pain and causes sleepiness, confusion, or dullness
• lozenge🔊nouna small tablet containing medicine, intended to dissolve slowly in the mouth
• antiseptic🔊nouna substance that prevents infection when applied to a wound, especially by killing bacteria
• opioid🔊nounany drugs with the same effects as opium, medicinally used for reducing extreme pain
• contraceptive🔊nounany device, drug, or method that is used to prevent pregnancy
• invasive🔊adjective(of medical procedures) comprising cutting into the body or body cavities
• diagnostic🔊adjectiverelated to identifying or determining the presence of an illness or problem by analyzing various symptoms or signs

Physical Conditions and Injuries39 words

• abnormality🔊noun‌an unusual feature in someone's body or behavior that may be harmful, caused by duplication or deletion of a single gene
• blister🔊nouna swollen area on the skin filled with liquid, caused by constant rubbing or by burning
• malady🔊nounany physical problem that might put one's health in danger
• affliction🔊nouna state of pain or suffering due to a physical or mental condition
• ailment🔊nounan illness, often a minor one
• concussion🔊nouna momentary loss of consciousness provoked by a hard blow on the head
• spasm🔊nouna sudden, uncontrollable tightening or contraction of a muscle
• malaise🔊nouna feeling of being physically ill and irritated without knowing the reason
• paralysis🔊nouna complete or partial loss of the ability to move and feel different parts of one's body, mainly caused by disease or an injury to the nerves
• cramp🔊nouna sudden painful contraction in a muscle due to fatigue
• ulcer🔊nouna lesion or sore on the skin that might bleed or even produce a poisonous substance
• cyst🔊nouna growth with abnormal features that appears in the body and contains fluid
• constipation🔊nouna medical condition in which one has difficulty emptying one's bowels
• diarrhea🔊nouna medical condition in which body waste turns to liquid and comes out frequently
• chronic🔊adjective(of an illness) difficult to cure and long-lasting
• cancerous🔊adjectiverelated to or characterized by the presence of cancer, a disease caused by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
• hereditary🔊adjective(of a disease or characteristic) able to be passed on to a child through the genes of its parents
• congenital🔊adjectivehaving a disease since birth that is not necessarily hereditary
• septic🔊adjective(of a body part or wound) infected by harmful bacteria
• pathological🔊adjectiverelating to or caused by an illness or disease
• comatose🔊adjectivebeing in a state of coma or relating to coma
• aggravate🔊verbto make a problem, situation, or condition worse or more serious
• recuperate🔊verbto recover from a disease or injury
• pathogen🔊nounany organism that can cause diseases
• inflammation🔊nouna physical condition in which a part of the body becomes swollen, painful, and red as a result of an infection or injury
• sore🔊nouna painful spot on the skin, which is usually red or infectious
• irritation🔊nouna feeling of pain or discomfort in a part of the body that is swollen or sensitive, often caused by allergens, chemicals, or injuries
• episode🔊nouna period of time it takes one to go through a disease
• seizure🔊nouna sudden and unexpected start or return of a medical problem
• rupture🔊nouna severe injury that causes an internal organ or soft tissue to break or tear suddenly
• trauma🔊noundamage inflicted on the body as a result of an external force or event
• miscarriage🔊nounthe loss of a fetus from the uterus before it can survive outside the womb
• benign🔊adjective(of an ilness) not fatal or harmful
• malignant🔊adjective(of a tumor or disease) uncontrollable and likely to be fatal
• terminal🔊adjective(of an illness) having no cure and gradually leading to death
• diabetic🔊adjectivehaving a health condition marked by an impaired ability to regulate blood sugar levels
• remission🔊nouna period during which a patient's condition improves and the symptoms seem less severe
• sustain🔊verbto suffer or undergo something irritating, especially an injury, disease, etc.
• succumb🔊verbto die as a result of a disease or injury

Mental Health and Disorders28 words

• monomania🔊nounan excessive and unhealthy obsession with a singular subject or idea to an extent that it becomes overwhelming and harmful
• ‌seasonal affective disorder🔊nouna medical condition in which one is depressed in fall and winter, particularly due to lack of sunlight
• postpartum depression🔊nouna mental health condition causing sadness, anxiety, or low mood after a woman gives birth
• anorexia🔊nounan emotional disorder in which there is a strange fear of being fat and an obsessive desire to lose weight which results in refusing to eat
• maladjusted🔊adjectiveemotionally unstable and unable to cope with the requirements of a healthy social life
• body dysmorphic disorder🔊nouna psychological disorder that causes a person to spend a lot of time thinking obsessively about the imaginary imperfections in their appearance
• megalomania🔊nouna psychological condition or personality trait characterized by an inflated sense of power, importance, or self-worth
• shock therapy🔊nouna method of treating certain mental illnesses by effecting physiological shock or by electroconvulsive therapy
• psychosis🔊nouna severe mental condition in which the patient loses contact with external reality
• melancholia🔊nouna severe mental condition in which the patient suffers from depression often without any apparent reason
• inferiority complex🔊nounan unrealistic feeling of general inadequacy that causes one to believe they are not as competent, smart, or attractive as other people
• catatonia🔊nouna mental condition usually associated with schizophrenia in which the patient does not move for long time spans
• pyromania🔊nouna mental condition in which one is obsessed with setting things on fire
• kleptomania🔊nouna mental condition in which one is obsessed with stealing things without any financial motive
• hypochondria🔊nouna mental condition in which a person is constantly anxious and worried about their health
• neurosis🔊nouna mental condition that is not caused by organic disease in which one is constantly anxious, worried, and stressed
• orthorexia nervosa🔊nounan eating disorder characterized by refraining from eating food that is considered unhealthy at all cost
• self-mutilation🔊nounthe act of harming oneself by making wounds as a sign of mental illness
• psychosomatic🔊adjective(of a physical illness) caused or aggravated by mental factors, such as stress and anxiety
• manic-depressive🔊adjectiverelating to or suffering from bipolar disorder
• persecution complex🔊nouna mental condition in which a person constantly thinks others are trying to hurt them
• psychoanalysis🔊nouna method of therapy used for mental conditions which consists of the patient opening up about their past and feelings in order to find the reason for their illness
• psychiatry🔊nounthe study of mental conditions and their treatment
• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder🔊nouna condition, experienced mostly by children, making them seem restless, unable to keep focus, and act impulsively
• psychotherapy🔊nounthe treatment of mental conditions using psychology instead of drugs
• anorexic🔊adjectivehaving anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food intake
• breakdown🔊nouna condition in which a person becomes so anxious or depressed that they can no longer handle their everyday life
• psychotic🔊nounsomeone who suffers from psychosis

Politics38 words

• candidacy🔊nounthe state of being a candidate in an election
• electoral🔊adjectiverelated to voting, elections, or the process of choosing representatives through voting mechanisms
• parliamentary🔊adjectiverelating to a form of government where the legislature, known as parliament, has significant control over making laws and monitoring the government
• congressional🔊adjectiverelating to the United States Congress, which makes laws and oversees the government
• electoral college🔊noun(in the US) a group of people who represent American citizens in all of the states and who formally cast votes to elect the president and vice president
• constituency🔊nouna group of people in a specific area who elect a representative to a legislative position
• absentee ballot🔊nouna vote sent by mail by someone who cannot go to the polling place
• activism🔊nounthe action of striving to bring about social or political reform, especially as a member of an organization with specific objectives
• coalition🔊nounan alliance between two or more countries or between political parties when forming a government or during elections
• referendum🔊nouna vote in which all the people of a country are asked to decide on one political question
• bilateral🔊adjectiveconcerning two groups or countries
• capitol🔊nouna building in Washington DC where the Congress assembles
• apolitical🔊adjectivehaving no interest or involvement in politics
• secularism🔊nounthe doctrine that separates the state from religious associations
• capitalism🔊nounan economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government
• liberalism🔊nounthe political belief that promotes personal freedom, democracy, gradual changes in society, and free trade
• colonialism🔊nounthe practice or policy of a nation controlling or ruling over foreign territories, often exploiting them economically and politically
• isolationism🔊nounthe political practice of only being concerned with one's home country and not getting involved in international affairs
• populism🔊nouna type of politics that purports to represent the opinions and desires of ordinary people in order to gain their support
• fascism🔊nounan extreme right-wing political attitude or system characterized by a strong central government, aggressively promoting one's country or race above others, as well as prohibiting any opposition
• oligarchy🔊nouna political system in which a small group of high-powered people control a country or organization
• feudalism🔊nouna social and land-owning system in medieval Europe in which people were granted land and protection by a nobleman in exchange, they had to fight and work for him
• idealism🔊noun(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
• demagogue🔊nouna politician who appeals to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people instead of valid arguments in order to gain support
• confederation🔊nouna union or league of political entities or organizations, often for common purposes
• fanatic🔊nounan overenthusiastic individual, especially one who is devoted to a radical political or religious cause
• nationalism🔊nounstrong pride in one's country and belief in its importance or superiority
• federalism🔊nouna political system in which a central government controls the affairs of each self-governed state
• imperialism🔊nouna system in which one country controls or has influence over other countries, often by winning wars against them
• lobby🔊verbto make an attempt to persuade politicians to agree or disagree with a law being made or changed
• nonpartisan🔊adjectivenot supporting any political party and remaining neutral in political matters
• utopia🔊nounan imaginary state or location where everything is perfect
• chancellor🔊nounthe head of government or state in some countries, responsible for leading the executive branch
• inauguration🔊nouna formal ceremony at which a person is admitted to office
• autonomy🔊noun(of a country, region, etc.) the state of being independent and free from external control
• autonomous🔊adjective(of countries, organizations, regions, etc.) not governed by another force, and is in control of itself
• federation🔊nounthe union of organizations, regions, countries, etc. to form a larger organization or government
• rally🔊nouna large gathering of the public, especially those supporting a particular political idea or party

Religion40 words

• theology🔊nounthe study of religions and faiths
• spirituality🔊nounthe quality of relating to the human spirit or religious matters rather than material things
• sect🔊nouna religious group with beliefs or practices, especially extreme or unusual ones, that separate them from the rest of the people with the religion
• cleric🔊nouna member of the clergy or a religious leader, often in charge of religious duties
• clergy🔊nounpeople who are officially chosen to lead religious services in a church or other religious institution
• guru🔊nouna religious leader or teacher in Buddhism, Hinduism, or Sikhism
• rabbi🔊nouna religious teacher, scholar, or leader of Judaism
• synagogue🔊nouna place of worship and religious study for Jews
• lama🔊nouna Mongolian or Tibetan Buddhist monk
• pastor🔊nouna priest or minister who is in charge of a church
• heretic🔊nounsomeone with beliefs against the doctrines of a particular religion
• Reverend🔊nouna member of the Christian clergy who serves as a spiritual leader
• sufi🔊nouna member of an Islamic sect that tries to become united with God through prayer, meditation, and living a simple and strict life
• preacher🔊nouna person who delivers religious messages or sermons to a congregation
• homily🔊nouna short moral lecture, offering advice on behavior
• shaman🔊nouna person in some religions and cultures believed to be capable of contacting good and evil spirits and curing people of illnesses, especially in some cultures in northern Asia and North America
• sikh🔊nouna follower of Sikhism
• puritan🔊nouna person belonging to an English religious group of the 16th and 17th centuries who wanted church rituals made simpler and who believed it was important to work hard and control oneself, while pleasure was unnecessary or even wrong
• pilgrim🔊nouna religious person who travels to a sacred place for a holy cause
• messiah🔊noun(in Judaism) divinely sent king who will save the Jewish people
• hermit🔊nouna person who lives a very simple life in solitude as a religious practice
• martyr🔊nounsomeone who is killed because of their beliefs
• apostle🔊nounany one of the twelve disciples of Jesus
• epistle🔊nounany of the letters in the New Testament, written by the apostles
• atheist🔊nounsomeone who does not believe in the existence of God or gods
• Zen🔊nouna school of Mahayana Buddhism, originally formed in Japan, emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition rather than reading religious scripts or ritual worship
• voodoo🔊nouna religious cult involving witchcraft and the worship of spirits, especially common in parts of the Caribbean
• the Trinity🔊noun(in Christianity) the concept of God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
• resurrection🔊nounthe return to life of Christ on the third day after his death on the cross, according to the New Testament
• sacrilege🔊nounthe act of disrespectfully treating a sacred item or place
• reincarnation🔊nounthe belief that after someone’s death, their spirit comes back to life in the form of a new body, especially in Buddhism and Hinduism
• oracle🔊nouna priest or priestess serving as a mediator through whom the gods were thought to give their message in classical antiquity
• missionary🔊nounsomeone who is sent to a foreign country to teach and talk about religion, particularly to persuade others to become a member of the Christian Church
• pagan🔊nouna person believing in a religion that worships many deities, especially one that existed before the major world religions
• sermon🔊nouna moral or religious speech, usually given during a church service
• gospel🔊nounany of the four books of the New Testament that is about the life and teachings of Jesus Christ
• agnostic🔊nounsomeone who believes it is impossible to know whether God exists or not
• salvation🔊noun(Christian theology) the deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed to be brought about by faith in Christ
• requiem🔊nouna mass at which people honor and pray for the soul of a dead person, especially in the Roman Catholic Church
• prophecy🔊nouna statement about events that have not yet occurred but are believed to be inevitable or possible, especially one made by a divine person

Hatred or Affection27 words

• affinity🔊nouna strong and natural liking or sympathy toward someone or something
• averse🔊adjectivestrongly opposed to something
• enamored🔊adjectivehaving a strong liking or admiration for something
• entranced🔊adjectivefilled with delight and amazement by something and giving it all one's attention
• execrable🔊adjectivearousing intense dislike or hatred
• laudable🔊adjective(of an idea, intention, or act) deserving of admiration and praise, regardless of success
• meritorious🔊adjectivedeserving praise or compensation
• nauseating🔊adjectivecausing or capable of provoking a sensation of disgust or nausea
• obnoxious🔊adjectiveextremely unpleasant or rude
• revolting🔊adjectiveextremely repulsive and disgusting
• scornful🔊adjectivefeeling or showing contempt or disrespect
• revile🔊verbto criticize someone or something in a harsh insulting manner
• animosity🔊nounstrong hostility, opposition, or anger
• antipathy🔊nouna strong feeling of hatred, opposition, or hostility
• cordiality🔊nounthe quality of being agreeable and pleasant, but polite and formal
• disdain🔊nounthe feeling that someone or something is not worthy of respect or consideration
• penchant🔊nouna strong tendency to do something or a fondness for something
• proclivity🔊nouna tendency or need that makes one want to do something, often something considered morally wrong
• enmity🔊nouna sentiment of hatred or hostility
• rancor🔊nouna feeling of hatred and a desire to harm others, especially because of unjust treatment received
• misanthrope🔊nounsomeone who dislikes, distrusts, or hates other human beings
• misogynist🔊nounsomeone who despises women or assumes men are much better
• pariah🔊nounan individual who is avoided and not liked, accepted, or respected by society or a group of people
• partial🔊adjectiveliking someone or something, or having an interest in them
• abide🔊verb(always negative) to tolerate someone or something
• anathema🔊nounsomething that is gravely hated and disapproved of
• partisan🔊nouna devoted and often biased supporter of a cause, political party, or leader

The Law34 words

• court of appeals🔊nouna higher court that reviews decisions made by lower courts to determine if there were errors
• appellant🔊nouna person who appeals in a higher court against a decision made in a lower court
• subclause🔊nounan additional part of a legal document
• writ🔊nouna formal written order issued by a court requiring someone to do or stop doing something
• affidavit🔊nouna written statement affirmed by oath that can be used as evidence in court
• warrant🔊nounan order issued by a judge that authorizes the police to take specific actions
• plaintiff🔊nouna person who brings a lawsuit against someone else in a court
• litigator🔊nouna lawyer who specializes in bringing a lawsuit against people or organizations in a court of law
• waiver🔊nounan official statement according to which one gives up their legal right or claim
• acquit🔊verbto officially decide and declare in a law court that someone is not guilty of a crime
• decree🔊verbto make an official judgment, decision, or order
• prosecution🔊nounthe process of bringing someone to court in an attempt to prove their guilt
• judiciary🔊nounthe part of a country's government that administers the legal system, including all its judges
• indictment🔊nouna formal accusation of a crime
• validation🔊nounthe act of making something legally acceptable and the declaration of it
• litigation🔊nounthe formal procedure of resolving disputes through the court system
• outlaw🔊verbto officially state that something is illegal
• legislate🔊verbto create or bring laws into effect through a formal process
• notary🔊nounan official authorized to conduct particular legal formalities, especially to make documents legally acceptable
• legality🔊nounthe fact that something is in accordance with the law
• interrogate🔊verbto question someone in an aggressive way for a long time in order to get information
• barrister🔊nouna legal professional qualified and licensed to advocate on behalf of clients in both lower and higher courts
• adjudicate🔊verbto make a formal decision or judgment about who is right in an argument or dispute
• article🔊nouna paragraph or clause in a legal agreement or document that is separate from others and deals with something particular
• settlement🔊nounan official agreement that puts an end to a dispute
• nullify🔊verbto legally invalidate an agreement, decision, etc.
• sanction🔊verbto officially approve of something such as an action, change, practice, etc.
• enforce🔊verbto ensure that a law or rule is followed
• issue🔊verbto officially start a legal process against someone, often with a document
• pardon🔊verbto discharge a criminal from the legal consequences of a conviction or violation
• infringe🔊verbto violate someone's rights or property
• overturn🔊verbto reverse, abolish, or invalidate something, especially a legal decision
• void🔊verbto announce that something is no longer legally valid or binding
• conviction🔊nouna formal declaration by which someone is found guilty of a crime in a court of law

Doubt and Certainty29 words

• admit of🔊verbto let something happen or exist
• cinch🔊verbto secure, guarantee, or make certain of something
• guesstimate🔊verbto estimate something by calculating and guessing
• scruple🔊verbto hesitate or be dubious about doing something that one thinks might be wrong or immoral
• surmise🔊verbto come to a conclusion without enough evidence
• warrant🔊verbto give good reasons to justify a particular action
• apocryphal🔊adjective(of a statement or story) unlikely to be authentic, even though it is widely believed to be true
• bewildered🔊adjectiveexperiencing confusion
• cliffhanging🔊adjective(of a situation, movie, etc.) having an unclear ending that makes it enticing
• dogmatic🔊adjectiveconvinced that everything one believes in is true and others are wrong
• equivocal🔊adjectivehaving two or more possible meanings
• incontrovertible🔊adjectivetrue in a way that leaves no room for denial or disagreement
• reputed🔊adjectiveconsidered to be a certain way, though not necessarily confirmed
• wavering🔊adjectiveunable to decide between two opinions, possibilities, etc.
• certitude🔊nounthe feeling of complete certainty
• conjecture🔊nounan idea that is based on guesswork and not facts
• diffidence🔊nounshyness due to a lack of confidence in oneself
• educated guess🔊nouna guess that is made according to one's experience or knowledge thus is more likely to be true
• plight🔊nounan unpleasant, sad, or difficult situation
• quandary🔊nouna state of uncertainty about what decision to make in a challenging situation
• vagueness🔊nounthe lack of clear expression, knowing, describing, or decision
• divine🔊verbto guess or deduce information using intuition or an inexplicable sense of inner knowledge
• hazard🔊verbto state an opinion, guess, suggestion, etc. even though there are chances of one being wrong
• axiomatic🔊adjectiveclearly true and requiring no explanation
• ambiguous🔊adjectivehaving more than one possible meaning or interpretation
• decisive🔊adjective(of a person) able to make clear, firm decisions quickly, especially in challenging situations
• robust🔊adjectiveremaining strong and effective even when facing challenges or difficulties
• buoyancy🔊nouna feeling of hopefulness and confidence that makes one remain cheerful, especially in sad or unpleasant situations
• foregone conclusion🔊nounsomething that is assumed to be true or already decided upon before any evidence or arguments are presented

Crime and Punishment39 words

• assault🔊verbto violently attack someone
• bribe🔊verbto persuade someone to do something, often illegal, by giving them an amount of money or something of value
• vandalize🔊verbto intentionally damage something, particularly public property
• appropriate🔊verbto take something for one's own use, especially illegally or without the owner's permission
• contraband🔊noungoods or items whose importation, exportation, or possession is prohibited by law
• smuggle🔊verbto move goods or people illegally and secretly into or out of a country
• blackmail🔊verbto gain money, property, or some advantage by threatening someone
• abduct🔊verbto illegally take someone away, especially by force or deception
• swindle🔊verbto use deceit in order to deprive someone of their money or other possessions
• collude🔊verb‌to cooperate secretly or illegally for deceiving other people
• conspire🔊verbto make secret plans with other people to commit an illegal or destructive act
• slander🔊verbto make false and adverse statements about someone for defamation
• embezzlement🔊nounthe act of stealing funds that are placed in one's trust and belong to one's employer
• trespass🔊verbto enter someone's land or building without permission
• carjacking🔊nounthe act of violently stealing a car while someone is inside it
• delinquency🔊nouna minor crime or misdeed, especially of a young person
• felon🔊nounsomeone who has committed or has been legally found guilty of a serious crime
• accomplice🔊nounsomeone who helps another to commit a crime or do a wrongdoing
• misdemeanor🔊nounan action that is considered wrong or unacceptable yet not very serious
• felony🔊nouna serious crime such as arson, murder, rape, etc.
• homicide🔊nounthe act of one person killing another, whether lawfully or unlawfully
• genocide🔊nouna mass murder committed in order to destroy a particular nation, religious or ethnic group, or race
• heist🔊noun‌an act of violently stealing something valuable, especially from a shop or bank
• larceny🔊nounthe act of stealing something from someone, especially without breaking into a building
• perjury🔊nounthe offense of telling lies in a court of law after you have vowed to tell the truth
• serial killer🔊nounsomeone who commits a series of murders in a similar pattern
• incrimination🔊nounthe act of suggesting that someone is guilty, particularly of a crime
• extradite🔊verbto send someone accused of a crime to the place where the crime happened or where they are wanted for legal matters
• detain🔊verbto officially hold someone in a place, such as a jail, and not let them go
• incarceration🔊nounthe act of putting or keeping someone in captivity
• exile🔊verbto force someone to live away from their native country, usually due to political reasons or as a punishment
• confiscate🔊verbto officially take away something from someone, usually as punishment
• forfeit🔊verbto no longer be able to access a right, property, privilege, etc. as a result of violating a law or a punishment for doing something wrong
• launder🔊verbto make some alterations in order to make something that has been obtained illegally, especially money and currency appear legal or acceptable
• abuse🔊verbto cruelly or violently treat a person or an animal, especially regularly or repeatedly
• confinement🔊nounthe action of keeping someone in a closed space, prison, etc., usually by force
• apprehend🔊verbto arrest someone
• disciplinary🔊adjectiverelating to the enforcement of rules or the correction of behavior
• execute🔊verbto kill someone, especially as a legal penalty

Society39 words

• sociology🔊nounthe scientific study of human society, its nature, structure, and development, as well as social behavior
• anthropology🔊nounthe study of the origins and developments of the human race and its societies and cultures
• upper class🔊nouna social group made up of people who hold the highest social position and are usually quite wealthy
• middle class🔊nounthe social class between the upper and lower classes that includes professional and business people
• lower class🔊nounthe social class consisting of people with the lowest position in society and the least money
• old money🔊nounwealth that has been inherited and not earned
• nobility🔊nounthe class of people with the highest social or political ranks and titles
• bourgeoisie🔊nounthe society's middle class
• caste🔊nouna system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession
• supremacist🔊nounsomeone who believes that a particular group of people, especially one determined by sex, religion, or race, is better than other groups and should dominate them
• overlord🔊nounsomeone who is in a position of power, especially in the past
• multiculturalism🔊nounthe belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected
• social contract🔊nounan implicit agreement among citizens about collaboration in a way that benefits everyone in the society
• microaggression🔊nounany remark, comment, act, or statement that consciously or unconsciously expresses prejudice or discrimination against a group or member of society
• ethnic🔊adjectiverelating to a group of people with shared culture, tradition, history, language, etc.
• Caucasian🔊adjectivereferring to people with light or white skin, typically of European origin
• gender binary🔊nouna method of gender classification that categorizes all people into either male or female
• masculinity🔊nounthe qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for men
• femininity🔊nounthe qualities or attributes that are considered to be typical of or suitable for women
• gender identity🔊nouna person's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender
• non-binary🔊adjectiverelated to someone whose gender identity does not fit in the traditional binary categories of male or female
• asexual🔊adjective(of a person) having no sexual interests or not experiencing any sexual attraction
• cisgender🔊adjectiverelated to or describing a person whose sense of gender matches their biological sex
• transvestite🔊nounsomeone who enjoys wearing clothes that are usually worn by the opposite sex
• transgender🔊adjectivedescribing or relating to someone whose gender identity does not correspond with their birth sex
• transsexual🔊adjectivedescribing or relating to a transgender person, especially one whose bodily traits have been modified through a surgical operation or hormone therapy to align them with their gender identity
• gender-fluid🔊adjectiverelating to someone whose gender identity is unstable and can change over time
• peer🔊nouna person of the same age, social status, or capability as another specified individual
• LGBTQ🔊adjectivelesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning
• intersex🔊nounthe state of having the sex organs or other sexual features of both genders
• pansexual🔊adjectiverelated to a person who is sexually and emotionally attracted to people regardless of their gender or sex
• stratum🔊nouna group of people with similar social standing, education, or income
• subordinate🔊nounan employee who is under the authority or control of another person
• civic🔊adjectiverelating to the activities or duties of individuals concerning their town, city, or local area
• demographic🔊nounthe statistical characteristics of a population, such as age, gender, and ethnicity
• collective🔊adjectiveinvolving, done, or shared by all members of a group
• homosexual🔊adjective(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the same gender
• heterosexual🔊adjective(of a person) having a sexual or romantic attraction to people of the opposite gender
• bisexual🔊adjective(of a person) having a sexual attraction to people of both their own gender and other genders

Social Problems32 words

• discrimination🔊nounthe practice of treating a person or different categories of people less fairly than others
• persecution🔊nounan act of cruelty and unfairness toward someone because of their race, religion, or political views
• affirmative action🔊nounthe policy or practice of favoring people that belong to groups known to have been discriminated against formerly, especially by giving them jobs
• marginalize🔊verbto treat a person, group, or concept as insignificant or of secondary or minor importance
• class struggle🔊nounthe conflict of interests between different social classes in a society, as mentioned in Marxist ideology
• deportation🔊nounthe expulsion of a non-citizen or foreigner from a country, often for being undesirable or violating laws
• political asylum🔊nounthe protection that a country grants to someone who has fled their home country because of political reasons
• asylum seeker🔊nouna person who has fled their home country due to fear of persecution, based on race, religion, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group, and is seeking international protection in another country
• immigration🔊nounthe fact or process of coming to another country to permanently live there
• emigration🔊nounthe act of permanently leaving one's own country to go and live in another
• naturalization🔊nounthe act or process of granting a foreigner the citizenship of a country
• bigotry🔊nounthe fact of having or expressing strong, irrational views and disliking other people with different views or a different way of life
• disadvantaged🔊adjective(of a person or area) facing challenging circumstances, especially financially or socially
• vagrancy🔊nounthe state of homelessness as a result of unemployment
• unrest🔊nouna political situation in which there is anger among the people and protests are likely
• uprising🔊nouna situation in which people join together to fight against those in power
• poverty-stricken🔊adjectivesuffering from extreme deprivation
• impoverish🔊verbto take away a person or a country's riches to the point of poverty
• modern slavery🔊nouna situation in which people are forced work against their will through threats or violence that prevents them from escaping
• trafficking🔊nounthe buying and selling of goods illegally
• malnutrition🔊nouna condition in which a person does not have enough food or good food to eat in order to stay healthy
• passive smoking🔊nounthe act of inhaling smoke from another person's cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, especially involuntarily
• homophobia🔊nounhatred, antipathy, or prejudice toward homosexuals
• hard drug🔊nouna powerful, addictive, and illegal drug that some people take for pleasure
• soft drug🔊nouna recreational drug that is not considered very harmful and gives some people a sense of pleasure
• illegal🔊nouna person who resides or works in a country in violation of its laws
• intolerance🔊nounthe state of being reluctant to accept ideas, thoughts, or behaviors that differ from one's own
• deprivation🔊nounthe state in which one cannot satisfy their basic human needs
• subsistence🔊nouna situation in which one has just enough money or food to survive
• refuge🔊nouna place or structure that provides protection from danger, adversity, or hardship
• lay off🔊verbto dismiss employees due to financial difficulties or reduced workload
• displacement🔊nounexpulsion of people from their homes, typically caused by war, persecution, or natural catastrophe

Argumentation37 words

• arbitrate🔊verbto officially resolve a disagreement between people
• confute🔊verbto prove something or someone wrong or false through evidence or argumentation
• interject🔊verbto insert a comment, remark, or question abruptly into a conversation
• pontificate🔊verbto state one's opinion in such a manner that shows one believes to be the only person to fully know it and be unarguably correct
• vacillate🔊verbto be undecided and not know what opinion, idea, or course of action to stick to
• ad hominem🔊adjective(of an argument) directed against a person and not their point of view
• bumptious🔊adjectivetoo confident or proud in expressing oneself, in a way that is annoying to others
• credulous🔊adjectivebelieving things easily even without much evidence that leads to being easy to deceive
• dialectical🔊adjectivereferring to the method of argumentation or discourse that involves the exchange of opposing ideas or viewpoints in order to reach a deeper understanding or resolution
• non-committal🔊adjectivenot expressing one's definite opinion or intention clearly, especially in an argument
• vociferous🔊adjectiveexpressing feelings or opinions, loudly and forcefully
• airing🔊nouna public expression or discussion of opinions
• argumentation🔊nounthe process or action of logical reasoning for persuading others
• casuistry🔊nounthe practice of unsound reasoning and falsely arguing questions in a clever way
• consensus🔊nounan agreement reached by all members of a group
• cornerstone🔊nounthe most important part of something on which its existence, success, or truth depends
• doublethink🔊nounthe state in which one holds two opposing ideas at the same time
• eloquence🔊nounthe ability to deliver a clear and strong message
• exponent🔊nouna supporter of a theory, belief, idea, etc. who tries to persuade others that it is true or good in order to gain their support
• intransigence🔊noununwillingness to agree about something or change one's views
• slant🔊nouna biased or subjective angle in presenting information, often reflecting personal or ideological viewpoints
• syllogism🔊nouna form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion that logically follows from them
• touche🔊interjectionused humorously to show that someone has made a good point in an argument or discussion
• embroil🔊verbto involve someone in an argument, conflict, or complex situation
• avow🔊verbto publicly state that something is the case
• come out🔊verbto express if one is for or against an idea or arguement
• extrapolate🔊verbto estimate something using past experiences or known data
• opine🔊verbto express one's opinion
• posit🔊verbto propose or assume something as true or factual, serving as the foundation for further reasoning or argumentation
• underpin🔊verbto back up or form the basis of an argument by providing support
• intermediary🔊adjectiveacting as a conversation medium between two groups of people so they can create an argument
• polemic🔊adjectiveinvolving rational arguments to support or oppose an opinion, usually the opposite of others'
• aporia🔊nouna situation in which a theory or argument cannot be true because two or more parts of it are contradictory
• chameleon🔊nounsomeone whose opinion changes in accordance with the situation
• declamation🔊nounthe art or practice of giving a speech or reciting a poem with expression and gestures, especially as an exercise for public speaking or performance
• gag🔊nouna limitation on freedom of speech or a restriction on dissemination of information
• maverick🔊nounan individual who thinks and behaves differently and independently

Persuasion and Agreement37 words

• accede🔊verbto agree to something such as a request, proposal, demand, etc.
• acquiesce🔊verbto reluctantly accept something without protest
• bespeak🔊verbto indicate or show something
• countenance🔊verbto agree and not oppose to something that one generally finds unacceptable or unpleasant
• demur🔊verbto express one's disagreement, refusal, or reluctance
• entice🔊verbto make someone do something specific, often by offering something attractive
• moot🔊verbto bring up a topic or question for discussion
• nobble🔊verbto persuade someone to do what one wants by threatening them or giving them money
• prevail on🔊verbto persuade and convince a person to do something
• rescind🔊verbto officially cancel a law, decision, agreement, etc.
• bellicose🔊adjectivedisplaying a willingness to start an argument, fight, or war
• pugnacious🔊adjectiveeager to start a fight or argument
• tacit🔊adjectivesuggested or understood without being verbally expressed
• uncontentious🔊adjectiveunlikely to cause an argument
• abrogation🔊nounthe act of officially abolishing or ending a law, agreement, etc.
• connotation🔊nounan idea, feeling, or meaning that is implied, suggested, or associated with a word or expression beyond its literal definition
• blandishments🔊nounwords or actions meant to flatter or charm someone in order to persuade them to do something
• complaisance🔊nounwillingness to do what makes others pleased and accept their opinions
• divergence🔊nouna difference in interests, views, opinions, etc.
• harangue🔊nouna loud, forceful, and emotional speech or lecture, intended to persuade or criticize
• temptation🔊nounthe wish to do or have something, especially something improper or foolish
• ratification🔊nounthe act of validating an agreement by signing it or voting for it
• approbation🔊nounofficial approval or agreement
• unanimity🔊nouna situation in which all those involved are in complete agreement on something
• feuding🔊nounsharp disagreements between people that last for a long time
• fray🔊nouna loud, disorderly quarrel or brawl involving multiple people
• impasse🔊nouna difficult situation in which opposing parties cannot reach an agreement
• schism🔊nouna division between a group of people caused by their disagreement over beliefs or views
• vendetta🔊nouna violent argument between two groups in which members of each side make attempts to murder the members of the opposing side in retaliation for things that occurred in the past
• advance🔊verbto propose an idea or theory for discussion
• insinuate🔊verbto gradually move oneself or a thing into a particular place or position by elusive manipulation
• prompt🔊verbto encourage someone to do or say something
• rupture🔊verbto cause an agreement or relation to be breached
• coaxing🔊adjectivepersuasive in a gentle manner
• indicative🔊adjectiveserving as a clear sign or signal of something
• exhortation🔊nounthe action or process of trying very hard to persuade someone to do something
• skirmish🔊nouna short, political argument, particularly between rivals

Preference, Obligation, and Permission30 words

• lean towards🔊verbto favor something, especially an opinion
• stipulate🔊verbto specify that something needs to be done or how it should be done, especially as part of an agreement
• authorization🔊nounan official approval or consent for an action to be carried out
• admissibility🔊nounthe validity or acceptability of something, especially as legal evidence
• discretion🔊nounthe power or freedom of making decisions in a particular situation
• dispensation🔊nounthe privilege of being officially released from an obligation, law, or something that is usually prohibited
• embargo🔊nounan official order according to which any commercial activity with a particular country is banned
• inclination🔊nounone's natural desire and feeling to take a specific action or act in a particular manner
• leaning🔊nouna tendency to believe in or favor something
• predilection🔊nouna strong liking for something
• propensity🔊nouna natural inclination to behave in a certain way or exhibit particular characteristics
• prudence🔊nounthe quality of being careful and avoiding risks
• taboo🔊nouna topic, term, or action that is forbidden or avoided for religious or cultural reasons
• coercive🔊adjectiveusing force or threat to persuade people to do something that they are reluctant to do
• copacetic🔊adjectiveextremely good or satisfactory
• exempt🔊adjective(of a person) not subject to an obligation, duty, or liability that applies to others
• illegitimate🔊adjectivenot allowed by the law
• licitly🔊adverbin a manner that is acceptable by the law
• statutory🔊adjectiveaccording to or allowed by law
• stringent🔊adjective(of a law, regulation, rule, etc.) extremely limiting and strict
• unlawful🔊adjectivenot permitted by or conforming to the law or regulations
• mandate🔊verbto make something obligatory
• immunity🔊nounan official exemption that is granted to someone, especially from legal proceedings
• injunction🔊nouna strong directive or order from an authority
• legitimacy🔊nounthe quality of being acceptable by the law
• prerequisite🔊nounsomething that is required as a precondition for something else following
• sanction🔊nounformal and official approval or authorization
• binding🔊adjectivelegally required to be followed and cannot be avoided
• compelling🔊adjectivepersuasive in a way that captures attention or convinces effectively
• imperative🔊adjectivehaving great importance and requiring immediate attention or action

Sports31 words

• croquet🔊nouna game that is played on grass and involves a series of hoops through which the players must roll wooden balls using hammer-like sticks called mallets
• wrestling🔊nouna sport in which two players hold each other while trying to throw or force the other one to the ground
• rappelling🔊nounthe activity or sport of descending a cliff using rope that is coiled around the body
• decathlon🔊nouna competition consisting of ten different sports that takes place over two days
• Grand Prix🔊nounone of a series of international motorcycle or car racing competitions
• lacrosse🔊nouna game played on a field with two teams, each consisting of ten players using long-handled sticks with a net to throw, carry, and catch the ball
• discus🔊nounthe sport or competition in which a discus is thrown as far as possible
• regatta🔊nouna sporting event consisting of a series of races between rowboats or sailing boats
• softball🔊nouna game similar to baseball but on a smaller field in which players use a larger and softer ball
• steeplechase🔊nounan athletic race, usually 3000 meters, run on a track with barriers and water jumps
• major league🔊nouna league of the highest-ranking in a particular sport, especially baseball
• triathlon🔊nouna sporting contest typically consisting of swimming, cycling, and running taking place in three different events
• Tour de France🔊nouna cycling race consisting of 21 stages held annually for men primarily in France
• debutant🔊nouna man who is making a public appearance for the first time, especially in movies or sports
• underdog🔊nounan individual, team, etc. who is regarded as weaker compared to others and has little chance of success as a result
• gridiron🔊nouna field painted with parallel lines in which American football is played
• dribble🔊nounthe controlled advancement of a ball by a player using repeated slight touches, kicks, or pushes to keep possession and move past opponents
• fumble🔊nounan act of dropping or failing to catch the ball properly
• matchup🔊nouna sports event with two players or teams competing against one another
• pennant🔊nounan award, typically a flag or banner, presented to the champion of a professional baseball league
• podium🔊nouna structure used in sports competitions consisting of three adjacent platforms of different levels, on which winners stand to receive their awards
• rappel🔊nounthe act of descending a cliff using rope that is coiled around the body
• interval training🔊nounathletic training that consists of activities with alternating periods of high and low-intensity activity
• foul🔊verbto play against the rules of a game
• dope🔊verbto take drugs or substances intended to enhance athletic performance
• grand slam🔊nouna major championship or series of victories in sports, typically tennis, golf, or baseball
• welterweight🔊nouna weight category between lightweight and middleweight in professional boxing and similar sports, typically 63–67 kg or 139–147 lb
• javelin🔊nouna sport or competition in which a light spear is thrown as far as possible
• novice🔊nouna person who is new and inexperienced in a position
• division🔊nouna league or category ranked according to quality, ability, or performance
• knock out🔊verbto make someone or something unconscious

Shopping31 words

• bargain🔊verbto negotiate the terms of a contract, sale, or similar arrangement for a better agreement, price, etc.
• barter🔊verbto exchange goods or services without using money
• haggle🔊verbto negotiate, typically over the price of goods or services
• shortchange🔊verbto cheat someone by giving back less money than owed
• complimentary🔊adjectivesupplied or given for free
• exorbitant🔊adjective(of prices) unreasonably or extremely high
• gratis🔊adverbwithout costing anything
• markup🔊nounthe amount added to the price of something to cover overheads and profit
• spree🔊nouna short period of time during which one does a particular activity in an extreme way without control, especially spending money
• boutique🔊nouna small store in which fashionable clothes or accessories are sold
• delicatessen🔊nouna shop or section of a store that sells high-quality, ready-to-eat foods like cold cuts, cheeses, and salads
• emporium🔊nouna large retail store selling various goods, or a particular type of goods
• kiosk🔊nouna small store with an open front selling newspapers, etc.
• laundromat🔊nouna facility where coin-operated washing machines and dryers are available to customers
• off-licence🔊nouna shop selling alcoholic drinks to be taken away and consumed elsewhere
• pawnshop🔊nouna store in which one leaves personal belongings to get a loan, and if the money is not returned, the pawnbroker can possess or sell these objects
• plaza🔊nouna type of shopping center, common in North America
• precinct🔊nouna commercial area in a city or a town that is closed to traffic
• slopshop🔊nouna store where cheap, ready-made clothing is available for purchase
• proprietor🔊nounthe owner of a property or business
• wet market🔊nouna market in which fresh meat, fish, fruit, and vegetables are sold to customers, especially in Asia
• wholesale🔊nounthe process or activity of selling goods in large quantities to businesses at a lower price
• toiletries🔊nounproducts used in a bathroom for washing and taking care of one's body, such as soap, toothpaste, and shampoo
• white goods🔊nounlarge electrical home appliances such as washing machines and refrigerators
• denomination🔊nouna unit of value, especially monetary value
• token🔊nouna piece of paper or a disc of metal or plastic used instead of money as a form of payment or to operate some machines
• voucher🔊nouna digital code or a printed piece of paper that can be used instead of money when making a purchase or used to receive a discount
• bodega🔊noun(in the US) a small grocery shop, especially in a neighborhood inhabited by a Spanish-speaking population
• parlor🔊nouna shop or business offering specific goods or services
• spendthrift🔊nounan individual who is in the habit of spending money in a careless and wasteful way
• vendor🔊nounsomeone on the street who offers food, clothing, etc. for sale

Money and Business39 words

• depreciate🔊verbto diminish in value, especially over time
• deregulatory🔊adjectiverelating to the removal or reduction of governmental power or regulations from an industry, commodity, etc.
• fiscal🔊adjectiverelating to government revenue or public money, especially taxes
• laissez-faire🔊adjectiverelating to a policy in which private businesses are allowed to thrive without government control
• overdue🔊adjective‌not paid, done, etc. within the required or expected timeframe
• alimony🔊nounthe money that is demanded by the court to be paid to an ex-spouse or ex-partner
• arrears🔊nounmoney that is owed and not yet paid
• audit🔊nouna formal inspection of a business's financial records to see if they are correct and accurate or not
• bailout🔊nounan act of giving money to a foreign country, a failing company, or an organization on the verge of collapse to ensure their safety from bankruptcy
• insolvency🔊nounthe state or condition of not having enough money to pay one's debts
• crunch🔊nouna challenging situation caused by a shortage, such as time, money, or resources, that requires immediate attention or action
• deflation🔊noun(economics) a decrease in the amount of money in an economy, resulting in falling or unchanged prices
• ransom🔊nounan amount of money demanded or paid for the release of a person who is in captivity
• subsidy🔊nounan amount of money that a government or organization pays to lower the costs of producing goods or providing services so that prices do not increase
• tariff🔊nouna tax paid on goods imported or exported
• usury🔊nounthe practice of lending money at excessively high interest rates, considered unethical or illegal
• liquidity🔊nounfinancial assets in the form of money or able to be easily converted into money
• monetarism🔊nounthe theory or policy of controlling the amount of money in circulation as the preferred method of stabilizing the economy
• stagflation🔊nounan economic situation with persistent high inflation and a high unemployment rate
• clientele🔊nounthe collective body of clients served by a business, professional, or institution
• conglomerate🔊nouna corporation formed by merging different firms or businesses
• subsidiary🔊nouna business company controlled or owned by a holding or parent company
• infomercial🔊nounan advertising television program that tries to promote a product by giving a lot of information about it in a supposedly objective manner
• curtailment🔊nounthe act of reducing or limiting something in order to reach financial stability
• outsourcing🔊nounthe process of having someone outside of a company provide goods or services for that company
• broker🔊nouna person whose job is to sell and buy assets and goods for other people
• loan shark🔊nouna person who lends money to people, typically under illegal conditions, at a very high rate of interest
• tycoon🔊nouna rich and powerful person who is successful in business or industry
• magnate🔊nouna wealthy, influential, and successful businessperson
• dog eat dog🔊phrase(in business, politics, etc.) a situation in which the competition is so fierce that everyone is willing to do whatever it takes to be successful, even if it means harming others
• fluctuate🔊verbto vary or waver between two or more states or amounts
• plummet🔊verbto decline in amount or value in a sudden and rapid way
• soar🔊verbto increase rapidly to a high level
• convertible🔊adjectiveable to be changed from one form of currency, investment, or security into another
• collateral🔊nouna loan guarantee that may be taken away if the loan is not repaid
• incentive🔊nouna payment or concession to encourage someone to do something specific
• quotation🔊nouna statement indicating the cost of a specific service or piece of work
• dividend🔊nounan amount of money paid regularly to the shareholders of a company
• leverage🔊noun(finance) the value of a company's shares in relation to its debts

Professional Life and Occupations30 words

• convene🔊verbto meet or bring together a group of people for an official meeting
• collaborative🔊adjectiveinvolving or done by two or more parties working together toward a shared goal
• grueling🔊adjectiveextremely tiring and demanding strenuous effort and perseverance
• hectic🔊adjectiveextremely busy and chaotic
• intermittent🔊adjectiverepeatedly starting and stopping, in short, irregular intervals
• menial🔊adjective(of work) not requiring special skills, often considered unimportant and poorly paid
• painstaking🔊adjectiverequiring a lot of effort and time
• chartered🔊adjective(of a plane, ship, or boat) hired for a special purpose
• artisan🔊nouna skilled craftsperson who creates objects partly or entirely by hand
• bailiff🔊nounan officer in a court of law whose responsibility is to keep order, watch prisoners, etc.
• bursar🔊nouna person whose responsibility is to manage the finances of a school, college, or university
• consul🔊nounan official appointed by a government to represent that government in a foreign city
• executioner🔊noun‌a person, especially an official, whose role or job is to kill convicted people as a means of punishment
• exterminator🔊nouna person whose profession is to kill certain types of animals or insects that are not wanted in a place
• headhunter🔊nouna person whose job is to find and approach skillful people that fit a specific job and persuade them to take a higher position
• machinist🔊nounsomeone who operates a machine, especially an industrial one
• mason🔊nouna skilled craftsman who works with stone, brick, or concrete to build structures such as walls, buildings, etc.
• midwife🔊nouna person, particularly a woman, whose occupation is helping a woman during childbirth
• mortician🔊nounsomeone who prepares dead bodies for burial or cremation and arranges funerals as their job
• vice president🔊nounan executive officer whose rank is just below the rank of the president of a country and who can act in place of the president in certain cases to fulfill presidential duties
• quorum🔊nounthe minimum number of people that must be present for a meeting to officially begin or for decisions to be made
• guild🔊nounan association of people who work in the same industry or have similar goals or interests
• demotion🔊nouna reduction in one's rank, position, or status, often as a form of punishment
• workaholic🔊nouna person who works compulsively and finds it hard to stop working to do other things
• adjourn🔊verbto stop a meeting, trial, or game in order to resume it sometime later
• arduous🔊adjectiverequiring a lot of mental effort and hard work
• solitary🔊adjectiveperformed alone, without the involvement or companionship of others
• fundraiser🔊nouna person who organizes financial contributions for a cause, organization, or event
• handler🔊nouna person responsible for coaching, managing, or preparing athletes or sports teams
• superintendent🔊noun(in the US) a person who works as the head of an urban police department

Natural Phenomena and Environment39 words

• anticyclone🔊nouna weather phenomenon with an extensive circulation of winds around a central region of high barometric pressure that is connected with calm and fine weather
• archipelago🔊nouna large collection of islands or the sea surrounding them
• aerosol🔊nouna suspension of fine solid or liquid particles dispersed in a gas
• dew🔊nounthe tiny water drops that form on cool surfaces during the night, caused by condensation
• flurry🔊nouna small amount of rain, snow, etc. that moves in a quick and stormy way and lasts only for a short period of time
• gust🔊nouna drastic and sudden rush of wind
• icicle🔊nouna long pointed piece of ice formed by the freezing of dripping water from a surface such as a roof
• cirrus🔊nouna type of light cloud that looks wispy formed at high altitudes
• nimbus🔊nouna type of cloud that is dark, grey, and large, often producing rain or snow
• thaw🔊nouna period during which the weather becomes warmer causing snow and ice to melt
• biohazard🔊nouna risk to human health or to the environment caused by a biological source, especially microorganisms
• contamination🔊nounthe act or process of making a substance or place dirty or polluted, especially by dangerous substances
• effluent🔊nounliquid waste or sewage discharged into rivers, lakes, or the sea
• epicenter🔊nounthe point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly
• dike🔊nouna wall built in order to stop water, especially from the sea, from entering an area
• esplanade🔊nouna level path, typically beside the sea or a river, that is wide and open where people may walk by for pleasure
• estuary🔊nounthe part of a river that is wide and where it meets the sea
• gorge🔊nouna steep-sided valley, often with a stream running through it
• isthmus🔊nouna narrow piece of land with water on each side that connects two larger areas
• meridian🔊nounone of the imaginary lines between the North Pole and the South Pole, drawn on maps to help pinpoint a location
• morass🔊nouna muddy and wet piece of land in which it is possible to get stuck
• plateau🔊nounan area of land that is flat and higher than the land surrounding it
• promontory🔊nouna raised narrow mass of land that sticks out into the sea
• tor🔊nouna small rocky hill
• geothermal🔊adjectiveconnected with or produced by the heat inside the earth
• seismic🔊adjectiverelated to or caused by an earthquake
• tectonic🔊adjectiverelating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust
• drizzle🔊verbto rain lightly in fine, small drops
• inundate🔊verbto cover a stretch of land with a lot of water
• deluge🔊nounthe overflow of normally dry land by rising water
• precipitation🔊nounwater in forms such as rain, snow, hail, or sleet that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface
• cataclysm🔊nouna sudden, violent natural disaster that drastically alters the earth's landscape
• eye🔊nounthe calm area at the center of a storm, hurricane, or tornado
• cascade🔊nouna small steep waterfall, usually one of several others
• levee🔊nouna structure built along a riverbank to serve as a landing place for boats or ships
• prairie🔊nouna flat, wide area of land with no or very few trees in North America
• tremor🔊nouna small or slight earthquake
• zenith🔊nounthe highest point that a certain celestial body reaches, directly above an observer
• crepuscular🔊adjectiverelating to or resembling twilight

Farming and Vegetation40 words

• arable🔊adjectivehaving the capacity to be used to grow crops
• coniferous🔊adjectiverelating to trees with hard and dry fruits called cones and needle-shaped leaves
• deciduous🔊adjective(of plants) annually losing leaves
• fodder🔊verbto feed farm animals with any agricultural foodstuff that is specifically for domesticated livestock
• sprout🔊verb(of a seed or plant) to begin growing
• blight🔊nouna plant disease that causes withering, discoloration, or death without immediate rotting
• croft🔊nouna small rented farm around a house or the house itself, especially in Scotland
• hedgerow🔊nouna line of shrubs, bushes, or small trees that are planted along the edge of a field or road, especially in the UK
• homestead🔊nouna dwelling, usually a farmhouse, together with its adjoining land
• husbandry🔊nounthe practice of cultivating and breeding crops and animals and taking care of them
• manure🔊nounsolid waste from animals spread on a piece of land to help plants and crops grow healthier and stronger
• pasture🔊nouna field where animals eat grass
• reaper🔊nouna person who cuts and collects crops when they are ready
• rustler🔊nounsomeone who steals farm animals
• silage🔊noungrass or other green crops that are harvested and stored without being dried to be fed to animals in winter
• sprinkler🔊nouna small device with holes that is put on the end of a hose, used for watering soil or lawns; a piece of equipment that is utilized in case a building is on fire
• botany🔊nounthe scientific study of plants, their structure, genetics, classification, etc.
• bough🔊nouna major branch of a tree
• bramble🔊nouna thorny shrub of the rose family on which blackberries grow
• foliage🔊nouna plant or tree's branches and leaves collectively
• sapling🔊nouna small and young tree
• chlorophyll🔊nouna green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
• aspen🔊nouna tree of the poplar family, with leaves that move even in the breeze
• beech🔊nouna large forest tree with a smooth grey trunk, shiny leaves, and small nuts
• buttercup🔊nouna wild plant with cup-shaped flowers that are small, bright, and yellow
• carnation🔊nouna type of Dianthus often bright-colored and used for formal occasions
• cedar🔊nouna tall evergreen tree from the conifer family that has wide spreading branches
• clover🔊nouna small wild plant of the pea family usually with three round leaves, often pink, purple, or white
• cypress🔊nouna type of evergreen conifer tree with small rounded woody cones
• dandelion🔊nouna small plant with yellow flowers that turn into round, fluffy seed heads
• elm🔊nouna type of tall deciduous tree with rough serrated leaves
• hibiscus🔊nouna tropical plant of the mallow family that has large and brightly colored flowers
• fallow🔊adjective(of farmland) not used for growing crops for a period of time, especially for the quality of the soil to improve
• irrigate🔊verbto supply crops, land, etc. with water, typically by artificial means
• cultivator🔊nouna piece of mechanical equipment used to break up the soil and remove weeds from the ground
• vintage🔊nounthe grapes harvested or wine produced in a specific year or season
• biennial🔊nouna plant that lives for two years and in its second year produces seeds and flowers
• banyan🔊nouna South Asian fig tree that can grow new trunks and roots from its branch
• iris🔊nouna plant with long narrow leaves and large yellow or purple flowers
• mimosa🔊nouna plant whose leaves droop when touched

I Think, Therefore I Am!33 words

• ethics🔊nounthe branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles
• epistemology🔊nounthe branch of philosophy that studies the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge
• humanism🔊nouna system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
• metaphysics🔊nouna branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts such as existence or reality
• ontology🔊nounthe branch of philosophy that is concerned with concepts such as existence, being, and reality
• determinism🔊nounthe theory or doctrine that all events and occurrences are completely determined by previously existing causes, therefore human beings cannot be punished or held accountable for their deeds
• hedonism🔊nounan ethical doctrine holding that the pursuit of pleasure is the highest good and proper aim of life
• idealism🔊noun(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
• empiricism🔊noun(in philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge is derived from sensory experience rather than theory or intuition
• existentialism🔊nouna philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
• materialism🔊nounthe philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
• nihilism🔊nounthe rejection or denial of all established authority, values, and institutions
• positivism🔊nouna philosophical system based on things that can be proved by logic or experienced with the senses, rejecting metaphysics and theism
• pragmatism🔊nouna philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, emphasizing the practical consequences and real-world effectiveness of beliefs, theories, and actions
• rationalism🔊nounthe belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
• scholasticism🔊nouna system of philosophy based on religious scripts and principles and Aristotelian logic, taught in medieval European universities
• stoicism🔊nounan ancient Greek philosophy that values virtue and encourages living in harmony with nature's divine Reason
• subjectivism🔊nouna notion in philosophy according to which knowledge, moral values, and ethical obligations are subjective and there is no external or objective truth
• utilitarianism🔊nounthe doctrine that the best measure or decision is the one that satisfies the majority of people
• phenomenology🔊nounthe branch of philosophy concerned with things that exist and can be seen, felt, etc. as opposed to what may actually be their real existence
• alienation🔊noun‌the feeling that one is different from others and therefore not part of a particular group
• a priori🔊adjectiveusing the previous knowledge, reasoning, or general facts to decide the likely result of something
• a posteriori🔊adjectiveusing observation or experience to determine the probable cause of something
• nothingness🔊nounnon-existence; a state in which nothing exists
• dogma🔊nouna belief or a belief system held by an authority who proclaims it to be undeniably true and expects immediate acceptance
• virtue🔊nouna positive moral quality or admirable trait in a person
• aesthetics🔊nounthe branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art
• skepticism🔊nounthe philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable
• being🔊nounthe state of existing
• consciousness🔊nouna person's awareness, viewpoint, or attitude regarding a specific issue or domain
• logic🔊nounsensible methods of thinking and decision making, especially ones that are based on reasonable judgment
• wisdom🔊nounthe quality of being knowledgeable, experienced, and able to make good decisions and judgments
• sophist🔊nouna teacher of philosophy and rhetoric in ancient Greek with a skeptical attitude

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