Act Science English Vocabulary List

Physics38 words

• amplitude🔊noun(physics) the maximum distance a vibrating material, sound wave, etc. such as a pendulum travels from its first position
• sonar🔊nouna technology that uses sound waves to detect objects underwater or measure distances underwater
• fluorescence🔊nounthe emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation
• spectrometer🔊nouna scientific instrument used to measure and analyze the properties of light over a specific range of wavelengths
• molar absorptivity🔊nouna measure of how strongly a substance absorbs light at a particular wavelength
• photon🔊nouna fundamental particle of light that carries electromagnetic energy and exhibits both particle-like and wave-like properties
• refract🔊verb(of physics) to change the direction of light, sound, or energy when it passes through something
• diffraction🔊nounthe bending, spreading, and interference of waves as they encounter obstacles or pass through narrow openings, often observed in the behavior of light, sound, or other waves
• absorption spectrum🔊nouna range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a substance, typically represented as a graph showing absorption intensity versus wavelength
• transmittance🔊nounthe fraction or percentage of light or electromagnetic radiation that passes through a substance or medium
• thermodynamics🔊nounthe branch of physical science that deals with the relationships between heat, work, and energy, particularly the principles governing the conversion of various forms of energy
• thermostat🔊nounan instrument that automatically controls the temperature of a room, machine, etc.
• calorimeter🔊nouna device used to measure the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction or physical change, typically by measuring temperature changes in a surrounding medium
• microchip🔊nouna small piece of material that is a semiconductor, used to make an integrated circuit
• wavelength🔊nounthe distance between a point on a wave of energy and a similar point on the next wave
• relativity🔊nouna theory that explains the relationship between motion, space, and time
• antimatter🔊noun(physics) matter consisting of elementary particles that are the antiparticles of those of regular matter
• congelation🔊nounthe process of solidification or freezing, typically of a liquid or a substance turning into a solid state due to a decrease in temperature
• subatomic🔊adjectiverelating to particles or forces that exist within atoms, including particles smaller than atoms themselves or the interactions between these particles
• neutrino🔊nouna very small, electrically neutral particle that rarely interacts with matter
• nanoscale🔊adjectiveextremely small, typically between 1 and 100 billionths of a meter, where materials show unique properties
• liquefy🔊verbto change from a solid state and become fluid or liquid
• metrology🔊nounthe scientific study of measurement, including the development of measurement standards and techniques
• biophysicist🔊nouna scientist who applies principles and methods of physics to study biological systems and phenomena, aiming to understand life processes at the molecular and cellular levels
• diffuse🔊adjectivedescribing light that spreads evenly from a broad source or surface, creating soft illumination without harsh shadows
• spent fuel🔊nounused nuclear fuel that is no longer efficient for producing energy in a reactor
• pressure gradient🔊nounthe rate at which pressure changes over a certain distance in a particular direction
• wave number🔊nounthe spatial frequency of a wave, representing the number of wavelengths per unit distance
• boson🔊nouna tiny particle with whole-number spin, such as photons or the Higgs boson, often associated with carrying fundamental forces or giving mass to other particles
• collider🔊nouna type of particle accelerator where two opposing beams of particles are directed to collide with each other at high speeds, allowing scientists to study fundamental particles and forces
• dipole🔊nouna simple type of antenna made of two metal rods, connected in the middle, that is half the wavelength of the signal it transmits or receives
• lepton🔊nouna fundamental particle with half-integer spin, including electrons and their heavier counterparts, as well as neutrinos
• acoustic🔊adjectiverelating to the science of studying sounds or the way people hear things
• prism🔊nouna solid geometric shape, typically with a triangular base and rectangular sides, that refracts light into its component colors or alters the path of light
• ultraviolet🔊nouna type of electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths than visible light, often associated with sunlight and used in various applications
• infrared🔊nounelectromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than visible light, used for applications such as thermal imaging and remote sensing
• thermometer🔊nouna tool designed to measure the temperature of the surrounding air or environment
• solidify🔊verbto transform from a liquid or flexible state into a stable, firm, or compact form

Electromagnetism and Mechanics31 words

• resistor🔊nounan electrical component designed to limit or control the flow of electric current in a circuit, typically by providing resistance
• semiconductor🔊nouna solid substance that conducts electricity or heat better than insulators, but not as well as most metals
• superconductivity🔊nouna phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance when cooled to extremely low temperatures
• electrode🔊nouna conductor through which electricity travels to or from an object, such as batteries
• anode🔊nouna positively charged electrode in an electrical device where oxidation occurs, resulting in the release of electrons
• cathode🔊nouna negatively charged electrode within an electrical device, from which electrons flow out into the external circuit
• static electricity🔊nouna form of electricity generated by friction between two materials, resulting in an imbalance of electric charges on their surfaces
• rechargeable🔊adjective(of a battery or device) capable of being supplied with electrical power again
• solar cell🔊nouna device that converts the energy of the sun into electricity
• solar irradiance🔊nounthe amount of solar energy received per unit area on Earth's surface
• radiation🔊nounenergy transmitted through space or matter in the form of waves or particles
• photovoltaic🔊adjectiverelated to the technology that turns sunlight directly into electricity
• electromagnetic🔊adjectivereferring to the combined interaction of electric and magnetic fields, often associated with waves or radiation
• magnetic field🔊nounan invisible area around a magnetic object where magnetic forces can attract or repel other objects
• lever🔊nouna long rigid bar that is put under a heavy object in order to move it
• vibration🔊nounthe rapid back-and-forth movement of an object
• fulcrum🔊nouna point or support on which a lever pivots or rotates in order to lift or move objects
• torque🔊nouna rotational force measured in newton-meters or foot-pounds
• spring constant🔊nouna measure of a spring's stiffness, indicating how much force is needed to stretch or compress it
• counterweight🔊nouna mass used to provide balance to another mass
• supersonic🔊adjectivehaving a speed greater than that of sound
• robotics🔊nounan area of technology that is concerned with the study or use of robots
• terminal velocity🔊nounthe constant speed reached by a falling object when the drag force equals the gravitational force pulling it downward, resulting in no further acceleration
• hydraulic🔊adjectiverelating to the transmission or control of fluids under pressure within confined systems or machinery
• gravity🔊noun(physics) the universal force of attraction between any pair of objects with mass
• voltage🔊nountotal potential energy provided by a power source
• circuit🔊nounthe complete circle through which an electric current flows, typically consists of the source of electric energy
• electrify🔊verbto apply an electric charge to a conductor
• generator🔊nouna machine that produces electricity by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy
• aviation🔊nounthe study of the design, development, and operation of aircrafts, focusing on principles of aerodynamics, propulsion, and material science
• acceleration🔊noun(physics) the increase in velocity over time

Chemistry51 words

• polymer🔊nouna large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure
• isotope🔊nouneach of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass
• radioactive🔊adjectivecontaining or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions
• covalent bond🔊nouna chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule
• double bond🔊nouna type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond
• hydrophilic🔊adjectivedefining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water
• hydrophobic🔊adjectivecharacterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water
• exothermic reaction🔊nouna chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase
• endothermic reaction🔊nouna chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease
• atomic mass🔊nounthe weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes
• molecular mass🔊nounthe total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance
• mass number🔊nounthe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
• pipette🔊nouna laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid
• centrifuge🔊nouna device that spins samples to separate components based on density
• indicator paper🔊nouna special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels
• periodic table🔊nouna tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties
• solubilization🔊nounthe process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution
• microstructure🔊nounthe arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level
• crystalline🔊adjectivedenoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals
• microprobe🔊nouna device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale
• superabsorbent🔊nouna substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass
• multicomponent alloy🔊nouna type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions
• nanotube🔊nouna tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties
• molten🔊adjectiveheated to a liquid state due to high temperatures
• calcification🔊nounthe process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid
• fermentation🔊nounthe process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases
• detoxify🔊verbto eliminate or neutralize harmful substances
• assay🔊verbto analyze or test a substance, typically in a laboratory setting, to determine its components or qualities
• crystallographer🔊nouna scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals
• cosmochemist🔊nouna scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe
• chromatography🔊nouna laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase
• beta decay🔊nouna type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa
• uncharged🔊adjectivenot having an electrical charge
• titration🔊nouna laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed
• condenser🔊nouna device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it
• van der waal's forces🔊nounweak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles
• metallurgist🔊nouna scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications
• adsorption🔊nounthe process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer
• biodiesel🔊nouna renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease
• eutectic🔊nouna specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure
• reactive🔊adjectivehaving a tendency to undergo chemical reactions
• mole🔊nouna fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12
• beaker🔊nouna container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory
• dissolve🔊verb(of a solid) to become one with a liquid
• concentration🔊nounthe measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution
• radical🔊nouna group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule
• phase🔊nouna phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries
• equilibrium🔊nouna state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products
• electrolysis🔊noun(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it
• suspend🔊verbto disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling
• dilute🔊verbto make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

Chemical Substances and Compounds27 words

• halogen🔊nouna type of chemical element found in Group 17 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive and commonly used in disinfectants and lights
• polythene🔊nouna durable plastic material used for packaging, bags, and various applications
• polystyrene🔊nouna lightweight and versatile synthetic polymer used in packaging, insulation, and disposable products
• phosphorus🔊nouna chemical element that is a vital component of DNA and bone structure, found in dairy products, meat, and nuts, playing a key role in cellular energy transfer
• acetone🔊nouna colorless, volatile liquid solvent commonly used for removing nail polish and other substances from surfaces
• alginate🔊nouna naturally occurring polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed, commonly used in various industries for its thickening, gelling, and stabilizing properties
• silicate🔊nouna compound containing silicon and oxygen atoms, often forming minerals or glasses, with diverse applications in industry and nature
• graphene🔊nouna single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, known for its exceptional strength, electrical conductivity, and flexibility
• malic acid🔊nouna naturally occurring organic compound found in many fruits that contributes to their sour taste
• citric acid🔊nouna weak organic acid found naturally in citrus fruits like lemons, oranges, and limes, commonly used as a food additive for flavoring and preserving
• phosphate🔊nouna chemical compound that contains phosphorus and oxygen atoms, commonly found in salts or esters of phosphoric acid, important for biological processes and industrial applications
• charm quark🔊nouna type of elementary particle that is one of the six types, or flavors, of quarks that has an electric charge of +2/3 and participates in strong and electromagnetic interactions
• disinfectant🔊nounsomething that has specific chemicals or causes a chemical reaction that destroys harmful microorganisms such as bacteria
• bicarbonate🔊nouna chemical compound important for regulating pH balance, found in baking soda and crucial for bodily functions
• solute🔊nouna substance that is dissolved in a solvent, resulting in a solution
• saturated🔊adjectivehaving absorbed as much of a substance as possible at a given temperature, reaching its maximum concentration
• alkaline🔊adjectiverefering to substances that have a pH greater than 7, indicating a basic or non-acidic nature
• saline🔊adjectivecontaining or relating to salt
• reactant🔊nouna substance that takes part in and undergoes a chemical reaction, leading to the formation of new products
• reagent🔊nouna substance or compound used in a chemical reaction to detect, examine, or produce other substances
• noble gas🔊nounany of the elements in Group 18 of the periodic table, including helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, characterized by their inert nature and stable electron configurations
• inert gas🔊nouna group of non-reactive gases that typically exhibit low chemical reactivity due to their stable electron configurations
• ethereal🔊adjective(of a solution) containing volatile or highly flammable substances, such as diethyl ether
• inorganic🔊adjectivedescribing chemical compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and are typically derived from minerals or non-living matter
• solvent🔊nouna liquid that is capable of dissolving another substance
• catalyst🔊noun(chemistry) a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen at a faster rate without undergoing any chemical change itself
• buffer🔊nouna solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid, which maintains a stable pH when small amounts of acid or base are added

Biology60 words

• organism🔊nouna living thing such as a plant, animal, etc., especially a very small one that lives on its own
• growth medium🔊nouna substance that provides nutrients and conditions for the growth of cells or microorganisms
• metabolism🔊nounthe chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use
• excrete🔊verbto discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat
• eukaryote🔊nouna type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms
• asexual reproduction🔊nouna type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism
• meiosis🔊nouna type of cell division that creates reproductive cells with half the usual number of chromosomes
• mitosis🔊nouna type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
• interphase🔊nounthe longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions
• prophase🔊nounthe initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division
• anaphase🔊nounthe stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers
• telophase🔊nounthe last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number
• biodegrade🔊verbto break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi
• biomolecule🔊nounany molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites
• biodiversity🔊nounthe existence of a range of different plants and animals in a natural environment
• bioinformatics🔊nouna field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data
• biocompatible🔊adjectivenot causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems
• biometrics🔊nouna branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations
• mucus🔊nouna thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them
• microbiology🔊nounthe branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms
• virion🔊nouna complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate
• conditioning🔊nounthe process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations
• biomimicry🔊nounan approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems
• gamete🔊nouna special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes
• microbiome🔊nounthe collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment
• anthropogenic🔊adjectiverefering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence
• ecotourism🔊nountourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature
• motility🔊nounthe ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia
• protist🔊nouna single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments
• homologous🔊adjectivereflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species
• bioluminescence🔊nounthe light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage
• hydroid🔊nouna small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies
• transdifferentiation🔊nounthe process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type
• mycelium🔊nounthe network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate
• mutualist🔊adjective(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction
• commensal🔊adjectivedescribing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
• mycorrhiza🔊nouna mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil
• spore🔊nouna reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions
• biomass🔊nounthe entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water
• taxonomic🔊adjectiverelated to how living things are categorized based on their similarities
• petri dish🔊nouna shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms
• decomposition🔊nounthe natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem
• substrate🔊nounthe underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds
• excitatory🔊adjectivecapable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism
• fission yeast🔊nouna single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism
• ameba🔊nouna single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape
• physiologist🔊nouna scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels
• genus🔊noun(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family
• culture🔊nounthe process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH
• specimen🔊nouna small amount of something such as urine, blood, etc. that is taken for examination
• strain🔊nouna genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species
• secrete🔊verb(of a cell, gland, or organ) to produce and release a liquid substance in the body
• metaphase🔊nounthe stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes align in pairs along the equator of the cell, preparing for their separation into haploid daughter cells
• nutrient🔊nouna substance such as a vitamin, protein, fat, etc. that is essential for good health and growth
• ecology🔊nounthe scientific study of the environment or the interrelation of living creatures and the way they affect each other
• assimilate🔊verb(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells
• agar🔊nouna gelatinous substance derived from seaweed and used as a gelling agent in various food
• cosmology🔊nounthe scientific study of how the universe is created, its development, and how it is going to end
• virulent🔊adjective(of a disease) able to make one sick
• adaptation🔊nounthe process by which organisms evolve traits that improve their chances of survival and reproduction in a particular environment

Biochemistry and Cell Structure28 words

• cellulose🔊nouna substance found in the cell walls of plants, providing structure and making up dietary fiber
• fructose🔊nouna natural sugar found in fruits and honey, often used to sweeten foods and drinks
• glucose🔊nouna basic kind of sugar that is a component of carbohydrates and provides energy for many living organisms
• peptide🔊nouna short chain of amino acids linked together, which can function as a building block for proteins or act as a signaling molecule in the body
• carotenoid🔊nouna type of pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for bright red, yellow, and orange colors and important for photosynthesis and antioxidant activity
• enzyme🔊nouna substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself
• proteome🔊nounthe entire set of proteins expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time under defined conditions
• nucleotide🔊nouna molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• monosaccharide🔊nouna simple sugar molecule, the most basic form of carbohydrates that cannot be further hydrolyzed
• glutamate🔊nouna fundamental compound derived from glutamic acid, integral to biological functions and known for its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system
• antioxidant🔊nouna substance, such as vitamin E, that helps clean the body of harmful substances
• lipid🔊nounany of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids
• mitochondrial🔊adjectiverelating to or characteristic of mitochondria, which are organelles found in cells responsible for energy production
• cytoplasm🔊nounthe gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures
• chlorophyll🔊nouna green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process
• membrane🔊nouna thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism
• Golgi apparatus🔊nouna cellular organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell, consisting of a stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae
• ribosome🔊nouna tiny structure within cells that assembles proteins by reading the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA
• lysosome🔊nouna small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances
• vacuole🔊nouna cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure
• chloroplast🔊nouna plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis
• cytoskeleton🔊nouna network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement
• intracellular🔊adjective(biology) taking place inside one cell or more
• organelle🔊nouna specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function
• cambium🔊nouna layer of actively dividing cells in plants, responsible for secondary growth by producing new xylem and phloem tissues
• tissue🔊nouna group of cells in the body of living things, forming their different parts
• nucleus🔊noun(biology) the part of a cell that contains most of the genetic information
• morphology🔊nouna branch of biology concerning the scientific study of the form and structure of an organism including plants and animals

Medical Science48 words

• embryo🔊nounan unhatched or unborn offspring in the process of development, especially a human offspring roughly from the second to the eighth week after fertilization
• developmental🔊adjectiverelated to the process of growth, progress, or improvement over time
• lymphoid🔊adjectiverelated to or resembling lymph or the tissues where lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, are produced
• immune response🔊nounthe body's defensive reaction to foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or toxins, involving the activation of immune cells and the production of antibodies
• placebo🔊nouna medicine without any physiological effect that is given to a control group in an experiment to measure the effectiveness of a new drug or to patients who think they need medicine when in reality they do not
• pathogen🔊nounany organism that can cause diseases
• rapid eye movement🔊nouna stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, vivid dreaming, and muscle paralysis, important for cognitive restoration and memory consolidation
• fibrosis🔊nounthe thickening and scarring of connective tissue, usually as a result of injury or long-term inflammation
• homeostasis🔊nounthe tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes
• implant🔊verbto insert a living tissue or an artificial object into the body via medical procedure
• autopsy🔊nounan examination of a deceased person's organs to determine the cause of death
• lesion🔊nounan injury or wound to living tissue, often involving a cut, break, or trauma to the skin
• systolic🔊adjectiverelating to the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood into the arteries
• phagotherapy🔊nouna medical treatment that uses bacteriophages, or viruses that specifically target and kill bacteria, to combat bacterial infections
• digestive system🔊nounthe group of organs inside the body that absorb the food and pass the waste
• sanitize🔊verbto clean something thoroughly to reduce or eliminate germs, bacteria, or other harmful microorganisms
• respiratory🔊adjectiverelated to the process of breathing and the organs involved in it, such as the lungs and airways
• body mass index🔊nouna numerical measure of an individual's body fat based on their weight and height, often used to assess and categorize body weight in relation to health
• prenatal🔊adjectiverelated to the period occurring or existing before birth, specifically in relation to the development and care of the fetus during pregnancy
• gestational🔊adjectiverelating to pregnancy or the period of carrying offspring in the womb
• sputum🔊nounmucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the respiratory tract, typically as a result of infection or disease
• phlegm🔊nounthe thick mucus that is formed in the nasal and throat cavities, usually secreted in excessive amounts as a result of common cold
• pharmacologist🔊nouna scientist specializing in the study of drugs, their effects on biological systems, and their development for therapeutic purposes
• radiologist🔊nouna medical specialist who specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries using radioactive substances and X-rays
• pathologist🔊nouna medical professional who specializes in studying and diagnosing diseases by examining tissues, cells, and bodily fluids
• pediatrician🔊nouna doctor who specializes in the treatment of children
• positron emission tomography🔊nouna medical imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive tracer material to diagnose and monitor diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders
• inoculation🔊nounthe process of boosting the immunity system of a person or animal against a disease by vaccination
• immunodeficiency🔊nouna condition where the immune system is weakened, making the person more vulnerable to infections and illnesses
• respiration🔊noun(anatomy) the act or process of breathing
• veterinarian🔊nouna doctor who is trained to treat animals
• menopause🔊nounthe natural biological process that marks the end of a woman's menstrual cycles, typically occurring around the age of 50
• infective🔊adjectiverelated to an infection or having the ability to cause an infection
• psychiatric🔊adjectiverelating to the study and treatment of mental illness
• psychologist🔊nouna professional who studies behavior and mental processes to understand and treat psychological disorders and improve overall mental health
• ascorbic acid🔊nouna vitamin that helps keep the body cells healthy and supports the immune system, commonly found in fruits like orange and vegetables like tomatoes
• dysfunction🔊nounthe impaired or abnormal functioning of an organ, system, or biological process, often resulting in diminished efficiency or health consequences
• pharmaceutical🔊adjectiverelated to the production, use, or sale of medicines
• therapeutic🔊adjective(of medicine) related to actions that heal, alleviate, or prevent health issues
• side effect🔊nouna secondary effect of any drug or medicine, usually an undesirable one
• diagnose🔊verbto find out the cause of a problem or disease that a person has by examining the symptoms
• antiseptic🔊nouna substance that prevents infection when applied to a wound, especially by killing bacteria
• probiotic🔊adjectivecontaining beneficial bacteria or microorganisms, often used to promote digestive health or balance within the body
• invasive🔊adjective(of medical procedures) comprising cutting into the body or body cavities
• tonic🔊nouna drug that makes one feel stronger, healthier, or better, particularly used to treat exhaustion
• administer🔊verbto give someone medicine, drugs, etc.
• restorative🔊adjectiveable to promote or restore one's health or strength
• preventative🔊adjectivedesigned to stop something harmful from happening, especially related to health or diseases

Neurology and Blood Biochemistry31 words

• neurogenesis🔊nounthe process by which new neurons are generated in the brain, occurring primarily during prenatal development but also continuing into adulthood in certain brain regions
• synesthesia🔊nouna neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway
• neuron🔊nouna cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body
• white matter🔊nounthe tissue in the central nervous system composed of myelinated nerve fibers
• parietal cortex🔊nounthe outer layer of neural tissue in the parietal lobe involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness
• short-term memory🔊nounthe temporary storage of information that is currently being used or actively processed by the brain, typically for a few seconds to a few minutes
• neurotransmitter🔊nouna chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle
• neuroscientist🔊nouna scientist who studies the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord
• synapse🔊nouna junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
• connectome🔊nouna comprehensive map or diagram that depicts the complete set of neural connections within a nervous system
• parasympathetic🔊adjectiverelating to the part of the nervous system that promotes relaxation and digestion in the body
• neurosis🔊nouna mental condition that is not caused by organic disease in which one is constantly anxious, worried, and stressed
• autonomic🔊adjectiverelating to bodily functions that occur automatically, without conscious effort or control
• endocrinology🔊nounthe branch of medicine and physiology dealing with the endocrine system that controls the hormones in one's body
• melatonin🔊nouna hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and promotes restful sleep
• ghrelin🔊nouna hormone produced mainly by the stomach that stimulates appetite and regulates hunger
• leptin🔊nouna hormone produced primarily by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting feelings of fullness
• estrogen🔊nouna hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation
• serotonin🔊nouna neurotransmitter primarily found in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that plays a key role in mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and various physiological functions
• norepinephrine🔊nouna hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates the body's stress response
• histamine🔊nouna compound released by cells in response to injury, allergy, or immune reactions, causing inflammation, itching, and other allergy symptoms
• lipoprotein🔊nouna biochemical assembly that transports fats in the bloodstream, composed of proteins and lipids
• biomarker🔊nouna biological indicator found in blood that can be measured and evaluated to indicate a particular physiological or pathological condition, or the response to treatment
• amino acid🔊nounany organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins
• acidosis🔊nouna medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a lower pH than normal
• alkalosis🔊nouna medical condition characterized by an excess of base or alkali in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a higher pH than normal
• inhibitory🔊adjectivehaving the ability to restrain, limit, or suppress activity or function
• hemoglobin🔊nouna protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells
• cytokine🔊nouna small protein that regulates immune responses and cell communication in the human body
• sensation🔊nouna physical perception caused by an outside stimulus or something being in touch with the body
• hippocampus🔊nouna curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigationa curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigation

Anatomy and Genetics50 words

• haploid🔊nouna cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell
• early growth response🔊nouna family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli
• intestinal🔊adjectiverelating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body
• prefrontal cortex🔊nounthe front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions
• spleen🔊noun(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells
• clavicle🔊nounthe long, curved bone that connects the shoulder blade to the sternum
• cochlea🔊noun(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations
• cecum🔊nounthe first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen
• torso🔊nounthe upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head
• artery🔊nounany blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart
• coronary🔊adjectiverelating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it
• talus🔊nounthe bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot
• bladder🔊nouna sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed
• reproductive🔊adjectiverelating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species
• sensory🔊adjectiverelating to any of the five senses
• tactile🔊adjectiverelating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch
• retinal🔊adjective(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina
• auditory🔊adjectiverelated to the ability of hearing
• optical🔊adjectiverelating to sight or vision
• chromosome🔊nouna very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information
• genotype🔊nounthe genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents
• phenotype🔊nounthe observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment
• progenitor🔊nouna person from whom other offsprings are descended
• transgenic🔊adjective(of an organism) having genetic material from another species that has been artificially introduced into its genome
• geneticist🔊nouna specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes
• genome🔊nounthe complete set of genetic material of any living thing
• karyotype🔊nouna visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities
• eugenics🔊nounthe practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods
• allele🔊nounone of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
• recessive🔊adjective(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents
• trisomy🔊nouna genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two
• centromere🔊nounthe region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division
• cytogenetics🔊nounthe branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques
• autosome🔊nounany chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information
• transfection🔊nounthe process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression
• genetically🔊adverbin a manner that is related to genetics or genes
• mutation🔊noun(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features
• diaphragm🔊noun(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen
• appendix🔊nouna sack of tissue that is attached to the large intestine and is surgically removed if infected
• enamel🔊nounthe hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth
• joint🔊nouna place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around
• spine🔊nounthe row of small bones that are joined together down the center of the back of the body
• tract🔊noun(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body
• thyroid🔊adjectiverelated to the thyroid gland, a small organ in the neck that produces hormones affecting metabolism and growth
• inherit🔊verbto receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance
• modify🔊verbto alter or change the genetic makeup of an organism through genetic engineering techniques
• lineage🔊nounthe passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family
• dominant🔊adjective(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome
• expression🔊nounthe process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits
• palindrome🔊nouna DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

Diseases38 words

• chronic🔊adjective(of an illness) difficult to cure and long-lasting
• life-threatening🔊adjectiveposing a significant risk to a person's life
• asymptomatic🔊adjective(of a disease) not showing any symptoms associated with it
• cardiovascular🔊adjectiverelated to the heart and blood vessels
• ailment🔊nounan illness, often a minor one
• affliction🔊nouna state of pain or suffering due to a physical or mental condition
• contagion🔊nounany disease or virus that can be easily passed from one person to another
• prognosis🔊nouna professional opinion regarding the likely course of an illness
• glaucoma🔊nounan eye condition characterized by increased pressure within the eye, which can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated
• inflammation🔊nouna physical condition in which a part of the body becomes swollen, painful, and red as a result of an infection or injury
• sepsis🔊nouna severe, life-threatening response to infection causing widespread inflammation and potential organ failure
• fatty liver🔊nouna condition where excess fat accumulates in liver cells, often due to factors like alcohol consumption or obesity
• steatosis🔊nouna medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of fat within liver cells
• allergy🔊nouna medical condition in which one's body severely reacts to a specific substance if it is inhaled, touched, or ingested
• concussion🔊nouna momentary loss of consciousness provoked by a hard blow on the head
• autism🔊nouna disorder that begins in early childhood, causing behavioral, social, and communication challenges
• hypertension🔊nouna condition that arises when one is experiencing a chronic elevation of blood pressure
• tuberculosis🔊nouna potentially severe bacterial disease that primarily affects the lungs and causes swellings to appear on them or other parts of the body
• cystic fibrosis🔊nouna genetic disorder causing the production of thick and sticky mucus, affecting the respiratory and digestive systems and leading to various complications
• yellow fever🔊nouna tropical viral disease, characterized by fever, muscle pain, etc. which consequently leads to jaundice and potential death, transmitted by infected mosquitoes
• insomnia🔊nouna disorder in which one is unable to sleep or stay asleep
• obesity🔊nounthe condition of having such a high amount of body fat that it becomes very dangerous for one's health
• attention deficit disorder🔊nouna neurological condition characterized by difficulty in sustaining attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, typically diagnosed in childhood and often persisting into adulthood
• dementia🔊nouna mental condition that happens when the brain is damaged by disease or injury, causing memory loss and impairing the ability to think or make decisions
• mumps🔊nounan infectious viral disease characterized by fever and the painful swelling of the neck
• measles🔊nouna contagious disease that causes high fever and small red spots on the body, common in children
• narcolepsy🔊nouna neurological condition causing sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, often accompanied by muscle weakness or vivid dreams
• restless leg syndrome🔊nouna condition causing an irresistible urge to move the legs, often with uncomfortable sensations, usually worse in the evening or at night
• dermatitis🔊nouna general term referring to inflammation of the skin, often causing redness, itching, and various skin conditions
• gigantism🔊nouna rare medical condition characterized by excessive growth and height due to an overproduction of growth hormone during childhood and adolescence
• fester🔊nouna sore or wound that has become infected and is producing pus, often characterized by inflammation and discomfort
• epidemic🔊nounthe rapid spread of an infectious disease within a specific population, community, or region, affecting a significant number of individuals at the same time
• benign🔊adjective(of an ilness) not fatal or harmful
• malignant🔊adjective(of a tumor or disease) uncontrollable and likely to be fatal
• latent🔊adjective(of a medical condition or infection) present in the body but not currently producing symptoms
• virulent🔊adjective(of a disease) able to make one sick
• syndrome🔊nouna group of medical signs that indicate a person is suffering from a particular disease or condition
• trauma🔊nouna medical condition of the mind caused by extreme shock, which could last for a very long time

Zoology58 words

• hatch🔊verb(of birds, fish, etc.) to come out of an egg
• clutch size🔊nounthe number of eggs or offspring produced by a single reproductive effort, typically by a bird, reptile, or insect
• mammal🔊nouna class of animals to which humans, cows, lions, etc. belong, have warm blood, fur or hair and typically produce milk to feed their young
• amphibian🔊nounany cold-blooded animal with the ability to live both on land and in water, such as toads, frogs, etc.
• rodent🔊nounany small mammal with a pair of strong front teeth, such as mice, hamsters, rats, etc.
• primate🔊nounany mammalian animal that belongs to the same group as humans, such as monkeys, apes, lemurs, etc.
• feline🔊nounany animal in the cat family
• reptile🔊nouna class of animals to which crocodiles, lizards, etc. belong, characterized by having cold blood and scaly skin
• arachnid🔊nouna class of terrestrial arthropods that breathe air and have four pairs of limbs, such as spiders, scorpions, etc.
• ungulate🔊nouna hoofed mammal, typically herbivorous, which includes animals such as horses, cows, deer, and elephants
• waterfowl🔊nounany aquatic bird, especially a game bird of fresh waters
• hawkmoth🔊nouna type of moth belonging to the family Sphingidae, known for their rapid flight and ability to hover while feeding on nectar from flowers
• nematode🔊nounany long and cylindrical worm with a segmented body that is either parasitic or free-living
• seabird🔊nouna bird that lives near the sea
• crustacean🔊nouna sea creature with a hard shell and jointed legs such as crabs and lobsters
• monotreme🔊nounany mammal that lays eggs and is only found in Australia, such as platypus
• arthropod🔊nounan invertebrate animal with a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton, such as a spider, crab, etc.
• magpie🔊nouna black-and-white crow with a long tail that is noted for its intelligence
• locust🔊nouna large grasshopper that lives in hot countries and flies in large swarms, destroying crops
• barnacle🔊nouna marine arthropod with an external shell that attaches itself to a surface and feeds on particles that are in the water
• macaque🔊nouna type of monkey that belongs to the Old World monkey family, characterized by their long tails, cheek pouches
• hominid🔊nouna member of the biological family Hominidae, which includes humans, their ancestors, and other great apes like chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
• orca🔊nouna large, black-and-white marine mammal known for its social behavior, intelligence, and adaptability, found in oceans worldwide and known as an apex predator
• mollusk🔊nounany invertebrate that lives in aquatic or damp habitats and has a soft unsegmented body, often covered with a shell
• plover🔊nouna small shorebird with a short hard-tipped bill and a stout build
• sea urchin🔊nouna small marine animal that is covered with spines and has a round shell, harvested for food
• tanager🔊nouna colorful bird species found in the Americas, known for its vibrant plumage, melodious songs, and important ecological role in seed dispersal
• skunk🔊nouna small mammal belonging to the weasel family with black and white stripes that can produce a strong unpleasant smell when attacked, native to North America
• porcupine🔊nounan animal with sharp needle-like parts on its body and tail, used for protection
• palomino🔊nouna cream or golden horse with a white tail and mane
• humpback whale🔊nouna large marine mammal known for its distinctive appearance, acrobatic behavior, and complex songs
• snout🔊nounthe long and protruding facial part of an animal which comprises its nose and mouth, especially in a mammal
• clamshell🔊nounthe bivalve shell of a clam, characterized by two symmetrical halves that hinge together
• appendage🔊nounany external body part that protrudes from an organism's main body, often used to describe limbs, antennae, or other structures
• tentacle🔊nounany of the various flexible limbs of an animal, especially an invertebrate, which enable it to move or hold things
• tail fin🔊nounthe posterior part of a fish or aquatic animal's body, composed of fins that provide propulsion and maneuverability
• magnetoreception🔊nounthe biological ability of certain organisms to perceive and orient themselves based on the Earth's magnetic field
• electroreception🔊nounthe biological ability of certain animals to detect electrical fields in their environment to locate prey, navigate, and communicate
• pupate🔊verbto transform from the larval stage into a pupa during an insect's development
• larval🔊adjectiverelating to or characteristic of the larva stage, which is an early, immature form of an animal that undergoes metamorphosis
• ornithologist🔊nouna scientist who specializes in the study of birds, including their behavior, ecology, and evolution
• herpetologist🔊nouna scientist who studies reptiles and amphibians
• entomologist🔊nouna scientist who specializes in the study of insects, including their behavior, ecology, and classification
• incubate🔊verbto keep an egg in a favorable condition to help it develop until it hatches
• invertebrate🔊adjective(of an animal) lacking a spinal column or notochord
• marine🔊adjectiverelated to the sea and the different life forms that exist there
• oyster🔊nouna type of shellfish that can be eaten both raw and cooked, some of which contain pearls inside
• echidna🔊nouna small egg-laying mammal that is covered in spines, has a pointed snout and originates from Australia
• beaver🔊nouna semiaquatic rodent with a wide tail and strong teeth that builds dams across streams and is mainly found in the Northern hemisphere
• simian🔊adjectiveof or relating to monkeys or apes
• canine🔊nouna member of the dog family, including domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, and related animals
• quail🔊nouna small, short-tailed, ground-dwelling game bird with brownish plumage
• quill🔊nouna sharp, stiff, hollow spine found on the body of porcupines or hedgehogs, serving as a defensive mechanism against predators
• replete🔊nouna specialized caste of social insects, such as ants or termites, that are engorged with food and serve as living food storage units within the colony
• proboscis🔊nouna long, tubular feeding organ found in many insects, such as butterflies, moths, and flies, which is used to suck up nectar, other liquids, or in some cases, blood
• talon🔊nouna long, sharp nail on the foot of some birds, especially birds of prey
• breed🔊verb(of an animal) to have sex and give birth to young
• metamorphosis🔊nouna biological process in which an animal undergoes a significant change in form and structure during its life cycle, typically seen in insects, amphibians, and other animals

Animal Life and Evolution32 words

• insectivore🔊nounan animal that primarily feeds on insects or other small invertebrates
• carnivorous🔊adjective(of plants or animals) feeding on the meat or flesh of other animals
• herbivorous🔊adjective(of an animal) solely feeding on plants
• heterotroph🔊nounan organism that cannot produce its own food and must obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter
• detritivore🔊nounan organism that breaks down and feeds on dead organic matter, such as decaying plant and animal material
• parasitic🔊adjectiverelating to organisms that live on or inside other organisms, benefiting at the expense of their hosts
• endothermic🔊adjective(of an animal) generating and regulating their own body heat internally
• arousal🔊nounthe process of waking up or becoming active and alert, often influenced by environmental stimuli or internal biological rhythms
• hibernate🔊verb(of some animals or plants) to spend the winter sleeping deeply
• venom🔊nouna toxic substance produced and secreted by certain animals, typically used for defense or hunting
• toxicity🔊nounthe harmful effects or potential for harm caused by a substance to living organisms or the environment
• potency🔊nounthe capacity or ability of an organism, often referring to its genetic potential, reproductive success, or influence within its environment
• habitat🔊nounthe place or area in which certain animals, birds, or plants naturally exist, lives, and grows
• predatory🔊adjective(of wild animals) hunting, killing, and feeding on other animals for survival
• ecosystem🔊nouna community of living organisms together with their physical environment, interacting as a system
• regurgitate🔊verbto bring up partially digested food from the stomach back into the mouth, often to feed young or as part of the digestive process
• endoskeleton🔊nounthe internal bony structure of an animal that gives it form and supports its weight
• exoskeleton🔊nounthe hard outer covering that supports the body of an animal, such as an arthropod
• extinct🔊adjective(of an animal, plant, etc.) not having any living members, either due to natural causes, environmental changes, or human activity
• de-extinction🔊nounthe process of bringing extinct species back to life through scientific methods
• domesticated🔊adjective(of a wild animal) tamed and adapted to live with or to the benefit of humans
• cloning🔊nounthe scientific process of creating an identical or near-identical copy of a living organism, cell, or DNA sequence through asexual reproduction or genetic engineering techniques
• evolutionary🔊adjectiverelated to evolution or the slow and gradual development of something
• subspecies🔊nouna taxonomic rank below species that represents a distinct population within a species, exhibiting consistent differences from other populations
• mastodon🔊nounan extinct large, elephant-like mammal with long, curved tusks and a body covered in hair, which lived during the Pleistocene epoch
• neanderthal🔊nounan extinct hominid species closely related to modern humans, characterized by a robust build and distinctive facial features, that lived in Europe and parts of Asia until approximately 40,000 years ago
• diurnal🔊adjectiveprimarily active or occurring during the daytime
• nocturnal🔊adjective(of animals or organisms) primarily active during the night
• crepuscular🔊adjective(of an animal) active during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk
• conservation🔊nounthe protection of the natural environment and resources from wasteful human activities
• primitive🔊adjectivecharacteristic of an early stage of human or animal evolution
• endemic🔊adjectivefound or restricted to a specific geographic region or habitat

Agriculture and Forestry53 words

• fertilizer🔊nouna chemical or natural material that is added to the soil to improve its productivity and help plants grow
• semiarid🔊adjectivecharacterized by receiving very little rainfall, often with erratic precipitation patterns and a tendency towards drought conditions, but not as extreme as arid climates
• coniferous🔊adjectiverelating to trees with hard and dry fruits called cones and needle-shaped leaves
• deciduous🔊adjective(of plants) annually losing leaves
• silviculture🔊nounthe practice of cultivating and managing forests, including the planting, growth, and harvesting of trees for timber production and ecosystem maintenance
• sharecropping🔊nounan agricultural system where landowners allow tenants to use the land in exchange for a share of the crops produced
• plow🔊verbto use a large farming equipment to dig the ground and make it ready for farming
• precision agriculture🔊nouna farming approach that uses technology to optimize crop production by precisely managing resources like water, fertilizer, and pesticides
• agropastoralism🔊nouna farming system that combines agriculture with livestock grazing, where both activities are practiced on the same land
• insecticide🔊nouna chemical substance or agent that is used to kill or control insects that can cause harm to humans, crops, animals, and structures
• pesticide🔊nouna type of chemical substance that is used for killing insects or small animals that damage food or crops
• terrace🔊verbto create stepped levels or flat areas on sloped land to prevent erosion and make the land suitable for farming or forestry
• hoe🔊verbto break up the surface of the ground, remove weeds, etc. using a gardening tool with a thin metal blade attached to a long handle
• till🔊verbto prepare the soil for planting by digging, stirring, or turning it over using a tool such as a plow or a tiller
• herbicide🔊nouna chemical substance that kills plants, used for destroying plants that are not wanted
• manure🔊nounsolid waste from animals spread on a piece of land to help plants and crops grow healthier and stronger
• compost🔊noundecayed leaves, plants, or other organic waste turned into a mixture that can improve the soil's quality and productivity once added to it
• weed🔊verbto rid a garden or other area of land of unwanted plants
• mulch🔊nouna protective layer of decaying leaves or compost that is spread over or around a plant to improve the quality of the soil, stop weeds from growing, or to provide protection for the plant's base and its roots
• blight🔊nouna plant disease that causes withering, discoloration, or death without immediate rotting
• infestation🔊nounthe presence of large numbers of harmful insects, pests, or other organisms in an area, often causing damage to crops, trees, or natural environments
• agrarian🔊adjectiverelated to agriculture, farmers, or rural life
• granary🔊nouna place used for storing grains or farm food
• hydroponics🔊nouna method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water solutions
• eutrophication🔊nounthe excessive nutrients in water causing algae blooms, oxygen depletion, and ecological problems
• millet🔊nounsmall seeds of a large crop that grows in warm regions, used to feed birds or make flour
• logging🔊nounthe act of cutting down trees to use their wood
• safflower🔊nouna plant with bright orange or yellow flowers that produces seeds rich in oil
• cauliflower🔊nounthe flower head of a plant from the cabbage family that is white in color and is eaten as a vegetable
• seedling🔊nouna young plant that develops from a seed, typically in the early stages of growth after germination
• milfoil🔊nounaquatic plants with finely divided underwater leaves, found in freshwater habitats like lakes and ponds
• birch🔊nouna deciduous tree known for its smooth bark, typically found in temperate and boreal forests
• infiltration🔊nounthe process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil, replenishing soil moisture and reducing runoff
• duff🔊nounthe layer of decomposing organic matter, such as leaves, twigs, and other plant material, that accumulates on the soil surface
• hypha🔊nouna thread-like structure found in fungi, consisting of a chain of cells that collectively form the fungal mycelium, essential for nutrient absorption and growth
• asparagus🔊nouna long green vegetable with edible stems, used in cooking or eaten raw
• vermin🔊nounsmall animals or insects that are believed to be destructive and are difficult to handle when they appear in a considerable number
• wasteland🔊nouna barren area of land that is unsuitable for agriculture or habitation
• radish🔊nounan edible root of red color with a pungent taste that is eaten raw in salads
• hemlock🔊nouna tall evergreen tree with fine-grained wood, valued for construction and known for its dense foliage
• purslane🔊nouna succulent herb with fleshy leaves, commonly used in salads and culinary dishes
• harvest🔊verbto cut and collect a crop
• cultivate🔊verbto grow plants or crops, especially for farming or commercial purposes
• irrigation🔊nounthe artificial application of water to land or soil to assist in the growing of crops and the maintenance of landscapes
• precipitation🔊nounthe amount of water falling to a particular location over a specified period
• yield🔊verb(of a farm or an industry) to grow or produce a crop or product
• organic🔊adjective(of food or farming techniques) produced or done without any artificial or chemical substances
• cross🔊verbto deliberately mate individuals of different breeds or varieties to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or traits
• prairie🔊nouna flat, wide area of land with no or very few trees in North America
• maize🔊nouna tall plant growing in Central America that produces yellow seeds, which are used in cooking
• squash🔊nouna group of edible plants that are typically harvested and cooked while still immature
• gourd🔊nouna type of fruit belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family, typically with a hard outer shell, often used for containers, utensils, or as ornamental decorations
• legume🔊nounany type of plant whose pods contain seeds, such as peas and beans

Botany and Gardening34 words

• botanist🔊nouna student of or specialist in the scientific study of plants, their structure, genetics, classification, etc.
• foliage🔊nouna plant or tree's branches and leaves collectively
• potting soil🔊nouna specially formulated mixture of organic and inorganic materials used to grow plants in containers
• terrarium🔊nouna sealed or open container for growing and displaying small plants, often used as a decorative piece indoors
• prune🔊verbto cut off top part or some branches of trees, bushes, or other plants to help them grow faster
• grove🔊nouna small group of trees planted closely together, often cultivated for their ornamental value or fruit production
• pollinate🔊verbto deposit pollen on a plant or flower so that it can produce new seeds or fruit
• photosynthesis🔊nouna process in green plants during which the plant synthesizes using water and carbon dioxide
• vegetation🔊nountrees and plants in general, particularly those of a specific habitat or area
• phytoremediation🔊nounthe use of plants to clean up soil, water, and air contaminated with hazardous pollutants
• mycology🔊nounthe scientific study of fungi, including their taxonomy, biology, ecology, and uses
• spore germination🔊nounthe process by which the reproductive unit of the plants or fungi begins to grow and develop into a new organism
• phototropism🔊nounthe tendency of plants to grow toward or away from light, influenced by the direction and intensity of light
• dandelion🔊nouna small plant with yellow flowers that turn into round, fluffy seed heads
• tulip🔊nouna flower shaped like a cup that has bright colors and blossoms in spring
• stoma🔊nouna microscopic pore found on the surface of leaves and stems of plants, involved in gas exchange, including the uptake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen and water vapor
• algae🔊nounplants without true roots, leaves, or stems, which grow in or near a body of water, such as seaweeds
• phytoplankton🔊nounthe microscopic, photosynthetic organisms found in aquatic environments, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers, forming the base of the aquatic food chain
• viburnum🔊nouna genus of flowering shrubs and small trees known for their clusters of white or pink flowers, followed by berries, commonly found in temperate regions
• moss🔊nouna small, non-vascular plant that lacks true roots, stems, and leaves, typically forming dense green mats or cushions in damp or shady environments
• seaweed🔊nouna type of plant that grows in or near the sea
• taproot🔊nounthe primary, central root of a plant that grows vertically downward, typically thicker than other roots, anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients
• peony🔊nouna flowering plant known for its large, showy blossoms with lush, often fragrant petals
• sepal🔊nounthe outermost part of a flower, typically green and leaf-like in appearance, protecting the flower bud before it opens
• euphorbia🔊nouna plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, known for their diverse forms from succulents to shrubs, typically characterized by milky sap and unique flower structures
• stalk🔊nounthe slender, elongated part of a plant that supports leaves, flowers, or fruits
• sprig🔊nouna small, slender branch or shoot with leaves, commonly used in decorative arrangements or for propagation in gardening and landscaping
• biennial🔊nouna plant that lives for two years and in its second year produces seeds and flowers
• evergreen🔊nounany type of plant with leaves that remain green throughout the year
• patch🔊nouna small plot of land that is used for growing a particular type of crops or plants
• bulb🔊nounthe ball-shaped root of some plants that grows anew every year
• crown🔊nounthe top part of a tree or other plant
• sprout🔊nouna new growth or bud on a plant, typically emerging from a seed, bulb, or dormant bud
• graft🔊verbto cut and join a piece of a living plant to another plant so that it can continue growing from there

Geology40 words

• bedrock🔊nounsolid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation
• shale🔊nouna type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers
• basalt🔊nouna type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color
• granite🔊nouna durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications
• index fossil🔊nouna fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history
• radiometric dating🔊nouna method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them
• igneous🔊adjective(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava
• metamorphic🔊adjectiverelated to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture
• tectonic🔊adjectiverelating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust
• smelt🔊verbto extract metal from its ore by heating and melting it in a furnace
• slag🔊nounthe byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities
• mesozoic🔊nounthe period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea
• olivine🔊nouna mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content
• pyroxene🔊nouna group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron
• feldspar🔊nouna group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking
• argillite🔊nouna type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material
• geologist🔊nouna scientist who studies the Earth's structure, composition, processes, and history, including rocks, minerals, fossils, and geological phenomena
• seismologist🔊nouna scientist who specializes in the study of earthquakes and seismic waves, investigating their causes, effects, and patterns
• epicenter🔊nounthe point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly
• temblor🔊nounan earthquake caused by underground movement or volcanic activity
• eruption🔊nounthe sudden outburst of lava and steam from a volcanic mountain
• shield volcano🔊nouna type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava
• volcanology🔊nouna branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena
• magma🔊nounliquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature
• caldera🔊nouna large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption
• quartzite🔊nouna tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable
• outcrop🔊nouna visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure
• geothermal🔊adjectiveconnected with or produced by the heat inside the earth
• continental crust🔊nounthe thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust
• paleocontinent🔊nouna landmass that existed in the geological past
• subduction🔊nouna geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle
• limestone🔊nouna hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material
• kaolinite🔊nouna soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications
• quarry🔊nouna site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes
• fault🔊nouna fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces
• intrusion🔊noun(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground
• tremor🔊nouna small or slight earthquake
• sediment🔊nounparticles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface
• basin🔊nouna large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits
• mantle🔊nounthe region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales

Geography and Oceanography32 words

• oceanographer🔊nouna scientist specializing in the study of oceans, focusing on their physical properties, marine life, ecosystems, and interactions with the atmosphere and land
• geographer🔊nouna person who studies the Earth's landscapes, climates, populations, and their relationships to human activities and the environment
• stratosphere🔊nounthe atmospheric layer above the troposphere, where temperature generally increases with altitude and the ozone layer is situated
• epipelagic🔊adjectiverelating to the upper layer of the oceanic zone, extending from the surface to a depth of about 200 meters
• mesopelagic🔊adjectiverelating to the middle layer of the oceanic zone, extending from a depth of about 200 meters to about 1000 meters
• bathypelagic🔊adjectiverelating to the deep layer of the oceanic zone, extending from a depth of about 1000 meters to about 4000 meters below the surface
• deforestation🔊nounthe extensive removal of forests, typically causing environmental damage
• topographical🔊adjectiverelated to the detailed mapping or description of the physical features and landscape of a particular area
• outback🔊nounremote and sparsely populated inland regions of Australia, typically characterized by arid landscapes and minimal human habitation
• highlands🔊nounthe elevated regions or mountainous areas that are higher than the surrounding terrain, often characterized by cooler temperatures and diverse ecosystems
• alpine🔊adjectiverelated to the Alps mountain range and the people who live there
• subterranean🔊adjectivesituated, occurring, or existing beneath the surface of the earth
• latitude🔊nounan imaginary horizontal circle around the Earth parallel to the equator, used to measure north-south position
• riparian🔊adjectiverelated to areas or ecosystems situated along the banks of rivers, streams, or other water bodies
• water column🔊nounthe vertical column of water in a body of water, such as an ocean, sea, lake, or river, extending from the surface to the bottom
• boreal🔊adjectiverelated to regions or climates located in the northern latitudes of the Earth, characterized by cold temperatures and typically dominated by coniferous forests
• seaboard🔊nounthe coastal regions or areas adjacent to the sea or ocean, often characterized by economic activities such as shipping, fishing, and tourism
• intertidal🔊adjectiverelated to the zone between the high and low tide marks on the shore, where marine organisms are adapted to alternating periods of exposure to air and water
• tidal station🔊nouna monitoring station located along a coastline or in a body of water that measures and records tidal data
• aphotic🔊adjectiverelated to ocean zones where no sunlight penetrates, typically below 200 meters deep, supporting organisms adapted to darkness
• glacier🔊nouna large mass of ice that forms over long periods of time, especially in polar regions or high mountains
• landmass🔊nouna large, unbroken expanse of land, like a continent or a big island, standing out from smaller land features
• smog event🔊nouna period of intense air pollution characterized by high levels of a mixture of pollutants
• circumpolar🔊adjectiverelated to areas or phenomena located around the poles of the Earth, particularly within the Arctic and Antarctic circles
• aquifer🔊nouna layer of rock or sediment that stores and transmits groundwater
• geodetic🔊adjectiverelated to the science of measuring and understanding the Earth's shape, size, gravitational field, and the precise locations of points on its surface
• landfill🔊nouna piece of land under which waste material is buried
• meteorologist🔊nouna scientist who studies and predicts weather conditions by analyzing atmospheric patterns, utilizing tools such as weather models, instruments, and data to provide forecasts and weather-related information
• overseas🔊adverb‌to or in a foreign country, particularly one that is across the sea
• reservoir🔊nouna lake, either natural or artificial, from which water is supplied to houses
• atmospheric🔊adjectivehaving a connection to or originating in the Earth's atmosphere
• hemisphere🔊nounone of the two halves of the Earth, separated by the equator or a meridian

Astronomy and Aerospace Science37 words

• astronomer🔊nouna scientist who studies or observes planets, stars, and other happenings in the universe
• astrophysicist🔊nouna scientist who studies the physical properties and phenomena of celestial objects and the universe as a whole
• observatory🔊nouna building where scientists observe stars, meteors, the weather, etc. using equipment such as telescope
• asteroid🔊nounany of the rocky bodies orbiting the sun, ranging greatly in diameter, also found in large numbers between Jupiter and Mars
• meteorite🔊nouna piece of rock or metal from space that has hit the surface of the earth
• orbit🔊verbto move around a star, planet, or a large object in space
• supernova🔊nounan exploding star that as a result is emitting a very large amount of light, more than the sun
• comet🔊nounan object in space that is a mass of ice and dust and when it nears the sun it starts illuminating in the shape of a tail
• white dwarf🔊nouna small, dense, and faint stellar remnant that is left after a medium-sized star exhausts the nuclear fuel in its core and undergoes gravitational collapse
• exoplanet🔊nouna planet that is outside the solar system
• asteroid belt🔊nouna region in the solar system located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, populated by numerous small celestial bodies called asteroids
• planetary🔊adjectiverelated to or characteristic of planets or the solar system
• solar mass🔊nouna unit of mass used in astronomy, defined as the mass of the Sun
• extraterrestrial🔊adjectiverelating to or originating from outside the Earth or its atmosphere
• photosphere🔊nounthe visible surface of a star, including the Sun, where energy is emitted as light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation
• interstellar🔊adjectivesituated or occurring between stars or within the space that exists between stars
• Nebula🔊nouna glowing cloud of gas and dust in outer space, often the result of a star explosion or formation
• aurora🔊nouna natural light display in the Earth's polar regions, caused by the collision of charged particles from the sun with atoms in the Earth's atmosphere
• dwarf planet🔊nouna celestial body that orbits the Sun and has sufficient mass for its gravity to pull it into a nearly spherical shape
• celestial🔊adjectiverelated to or occurring in the sky or outer space
• spacecraft🔊nouna vehicle designed to travel in space
• launch pad🔊nouna designated area at a spaceport or rocket launch site where rockets or spacecraft are positioned and prepared for liftoff
• rover🔊nouna robotic vehicle designed to move across the surface of a celestial body to conduct scientific experiments and gather data
• aeronautics🔊nounthe science and practice of designing, building, and operating aircraft, including airplanes and spacecraft
• annular eclipse🔊nouna type of solar eclipse where the moon, passing between the earth and the sun, appears smaller than the sun, creating a ring of sunlight around the darkened moon
• armillary sphere🔊nouna model of the celestial sphere, historically used to depict and study the positions of celestial objects, consisting of a series of hoops representing important circles in the sky
• tektite🔊nouna small, natural glassy object formed from terrestrial debris ejected during meteorite impacts, known for its smooth texture and found in strewn fields across the Earth's surface
• planetarium🔊nouna building with a dome in which moving images of planets, starts, and constellations are projected for educational or entertainment purposes
• constellation🔊nouna specific group of stars that form a pattern and have a name related to their shape
• ablation🔊nounthe process by which the surface of an object, such as a comet or an asteroid, erodes or vaporizes due to the effects of solar radiation and other environmental factors
• corona🔊nounthe outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere, observable as a plasma halo during a solar eclipse
• flare🔊nouna sudden, brief burst of increased brightness observed from the sun's surface, usually accompanied by a burst of energy and radiation
• crater🔊nounthe round top of a volcano
• eclipse🔊verbto overshadow another astrological body
• probe🔊nounan unmanned spacecraft or device sent to gather information from space and transmit it back
• launch🔊verbto send an object, such as a satellite, missile, etc., into space
• revolution🔊nounthe orbital movement of a planet, moon, or satellite around another body

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