Art Movements: 19th Century: English Vocabulary List

an artistic style popular in the late 19th century, characterized by the use of small, distinct brushstrokes of contrasting colors to create an optical effect

"Divisionism separates colors optically."

"Divisionism separates colors into individual dots that blend optically when viewed from a distance."

a group of German landscape painters active in the mid-19th century who were inspired by the Dutch Golden Age of painting

"Dusseldorf School painted realistic landscapes."

"The Dusseldorf School was a group of German landscape painters known for atmospheric effects and detail."

a style of painting and sculpture that was popular in Europe during the 19th century, which focused on the accurate representation of classical themes and subjects

"Academic art followed official rules."

"Academic art followed the official standards taught in art academies emphasizing classical techniques and subjects."

a 19th-century artistic and literary movement that emphasized the importance of beauty and the senses in art and life

"Aesthetic movement valued beauty over morality."

"The aesthetic movement valued beauty over moral or narrative meaning in art and design."

a group of French landscape painters active in the mid-19th century who were inspired by the natural beauty of the Fontainebleau forest

"Barbizon school painted natural landscapes."

"The Barbizon school painted realistic landscapes directly in nature before the Impressionists did."

a style of art and architecture, predominant in late 19th century, marked by complex curved patterns depicting natural objects such as flowers and plants

"Art Nouveau used organic flowing lines."

"Art Nouveau uses organic flowing lines and natural forms inspired by plants and flowers."

a late 19th-century and early 20th-century design movement that emphasized traditional craftsmanship and the importance of design in everyday life

"The arts and crafts movement valued handmade furniture."

"The arts and crafts movement emerged as a reaction against industrialization, promoting traditional craftsmanship and simple, functional design."

a style of furniture and decorative arts popular in Central Europe during the early 19th century, characterized by simple, neoclassical designs

"Biedermeier style emphasized comfort."

"Biedermeier style emphasized comfort and simplicity in design during the early nineteenth century in Germany."

an artistic style popular in the late 19th century, characterized by bold outlines and bright, flat colors

"Cloisonnism uses bold outlines."

"Cloisonnism uses dark outlines around flat areas of color similar to medieval enamelwork techniques."

a movement in German literature, art, and music that began in the late 18th century and emphasized emotion, imagination, and the power of nature

"German Romanticism emphasized emotion and nature."

"German Romanticism emphasized emotion nature and spirituality in painting during the nineteenth century."

a group of Australian landscape painters active in the late 19th century who were inspired by the French Barbizon school

"Heidelberg School painted Australian light."

"The Heidelberg School painted Australian light and landscape outdoors capturing unique local colors and atmosphere."

a group of American landscape painters active in the mid-19th century who were inspired by the beauty of the American landscape

"Hudson River School painted American landscapes."

"The Hudson River School painted dramatic American landscapes celebrating nature and national identity in the nineteenth century."

a movement in Islamic art that began in the late 14th century and was characterized by the use of abstract geometric shapes and calligraphic motifs

"Hurufiyya movement combined Arabic calligraphy."

"The Hurufiyya movement combined Islamic calligraphy with modern art to create a unique abstract style."

a movement in painting originated in 19th-century France that uses light and color in a way that gives an impression rather than a detailed representation of the subject

"Impressionism is a painting style."

"Impressionism captured fleeting moments of light and color."

a style of art and architecture popular in Central Europe during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by its use of organic forms and floral motifs

"Jugendstil is German Art Nouveau."

"Jugendstil was the German version of Art Nouveau featuring floral motifs and curved lines."

a group of Post-Impressionist French artists active in the late 19th century, who sought to create art that was more expressive and symbolic than the Impressionists

"Les nabis used flat color patterns."

"Les nabis were a Post Impressionist group who used flat colors and simplified forms for decorative effects."

an American landscape painting style popular in the mid-19th century, characterized by its use of light and atmosphere to create a sense of tranquility and peace

"Luminism emphasized atmospheric light."

"Luminism emphasized the effects of light in American landscape painting with smooth surfaces and calm scenes."

a group of Italian landscape painters active in the mid-19th century who were inspired by the Barbizon school of France

"Macchiaioli painted outdoor scenes."

"The Macchiaioli were Italian painters who painted outdoors before the Impressionists focusing on light and shadow contrasts."

a Russian art movement active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which emphasized the importance of beauty and the senses in art

"Mir iskusstva was an art movement."

"Mir iskusstva was a Russian art magazine and movement promoting symbolism and artistic freedom from academic rules."

a German art movement active in the early 19th century, which sought to revive the spiritual nature of Christian art

"Nazarene movement revived religious painting."

"The Nazarene movement revived religious painting with medieval styles and spiritual themes in Germany."

a style of French painting originated in late 19th century that was aimed to improve the impressionism by employing the pointillistic technique

"Neo-impressionism uses small dots of pure color."

"Neo-impressionism developed in late 19th-century France as artists sought to apply scientific principles of color to improve upon impressionism."

a style of 19th-century European art and literature that romanticized the Middle East and its people, often in a way that was exoticizing and inaccurate

"Orientalism depicted Middle Eastern scenes."

"Orientalism depicted Middle Eastern and North African scenes often with romanticized exotic and inaccurate details."

a painting created using dots and small strokes of color

"Pointillism uses small dots of color."

"Pointillism is a painting technique where the artist creates images using tiny dots of pure color."

a theory or practice of art that was formed in late 19th-century France as a reaction against impressionism and its concern for natural representation

"Post-impressionism evolved from impressionism."

"Post Impressionism continued from Impressionism but emphasized structure emotion and symbolic content over naturalism."

a group of English painters active in the mid-19th century who sought to revive the spiritual nature of Italian Renaissance art

"Pre-Raphaelites rejected industrial age."

"The Pre Raphaelites rejected industrial age art for detailed medieval styles inspired by early Renaissance painting."

a literary and artistic movement that was prevalent in the late 18th century, which emphasized the significance of imagination, subjective feelings, and a return to nature

"Romanticism emphasized emotion."

"Romanticism celebrated the beauty of the natural world."

an artistic style popular in the late 19th century, characterized by the use of bold, simplified forms and bright colors to create a sense of emotion and movement

"Synthetism combined memory with observation."

"Synthetism combined memory and observation in simplified forms for expressive and decorative effects."

an American landscape painting style popular in the late 19th century, characterized by its use of muted colors and soft, atmospheric effects

"Tonalism used limited color harmonies."

"Tonalism used subtle color harmonies to create atmospheric and poetic landscapes with soft transitions."

a group of Austrian artists active in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who sought to break away from traditional academic art and create a modern, expressive style

"Vienna Secession broke from tradition."

"The Vienna Secession broke away from traditional art academies to promote modern and experimental styles."

an artistic style popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by its use of abstract forms and spiritual themes

"Spiritualist art showed abstract forms."

"The exhibition featured spiritualist art, known for its abstract forms and themes of the afterlife."