Unit 7 - 7B · Face2Face Upper Intermediate Vocabulary List

someone who works in the government or a law-making organization

"The politician gave a long speech."

"The politician promised to lower taxes during her campaign but after being elected she claimed the economic situation made that promise impossible to keep."

related to or involving the governance of a country or territory

"The debate is political."

"The political debate on television lasted for two hours and was very heated and intense."

related to or characteristic of an economic system where private ownership, profit-making, and market competition are central

"The country has a capitalist economy."

"The capitalist system encourages competition and innovation but can also lead to inequality and exploitation of workers."

an economic and political system in which industry, businesses, and properties belong to the private sector rather than the government

"Capitalism is based on private business and free markets for all."

"Laissez-faire capitalism is an economic system where private transactions are free from any form of government intervention or external regulation."

a professional who studies and analyzes economic theories, trends, and data to provide insights into economic issues

"The economist explained inflation."

"The economist studied prices and jobs carefully."

(especially of a country) growing, improving, or moving towards a more advanced state

"India is a developing country."

"The developing country is building new schools and hospitals to improve the lives of its citizens."

a person or organization that provides money or resources to a business or project with the expectation of making a profit

"The investor put money into the startup."

"The smart investor made good decisions and earned a large profit from the stock market last year."

a person who owns or operates a large business involved in the production or manufacturing of goods, typically in an industrial sector

"The industrialist built a factory."

"The wealthy industrialist built many factories and created thousands of jobs."

(of a country or region) having undergone significant economic and technological development

"The country is industrialized."

"The industrialized countries have much higher carbon emissions than developing nations due to their factories and transportation systems."

related to the manufacturing or production of goods on a large scale

"The city is industrial."

"The industrial city is known for its steel mills and factories that produce heavy machinery and equipment."

a person, company, or country that produces large numbers of products

"The car manufacturer issues a recall."

"The manufacturer recalled thousands of vehicles due to a potential defect in the braking system."

made or produced in a factory rather than being natural or handmade

"The goods are manufactured in China."

"The manufactured goods are produced in factories and then shipped to stores all over the world."

a person who is concerned with the environment and tries to protect it

"The environmentalist gave a speech on plastic pollution."

"The environmentalist gave a passionate speech about the dangers of plastic pollution in the ocean and urged everyone to reduce their use of single-use plastic bottles and bags."

relating to the natural world and effects of human actions on it

"The issue is environmental."

"The environmental activist protested against the factory that was dumping toxic waste into the river and poisoning the local water supply."

containing harmful or dirty substances

"The air is polluted."

"The polluted river killed many fish and made the surrounding land unsafe for farming."

to damage the environment by releasing harmful chemicals or substances to the air, water, or land

"Factories pollute the air and water."

"The factory continues to pollute the river with toxic chemicals despite repeated warnings from the government."

a set of ideas and activities involved in governing a country, state, or city

"Politics can be complicated."

"Politics affects how a country is run and how public money is spent."

assets used to generate more assets, especially in business or production

"We need more capital."

"Securing sufficient capital is essential for any startup looking to scale its operations and achieve long-term profitability."

the system in which money, goods, and services are produced or distributed within a country or region

"The economy is very important."

"A strong economy depends on a well-educated workforce, stable policies, and consistent investment in infrastructure development."

relating to the production, distribution, and management of wealth and resources within a society or country

"The policy is economic."

"The economic downturn significantly impacted businesses, leading to widespread layoffs and reduced consumer spending."

using resources wisely and efficiently and minimizing waste and unnecessary expenses

"This car is economical."

"Choosing an economical mode of transport can significantly reduce your monthly budget and environmental impact."

a person or company that prepares a piece of land for residential or commercial use

"The developer built houses."

"The property developer plans to transform the abandoned industrial site into a vibrant mixed-use residential area."

a process or state in which something becomes more advanced, stronger, etc.

"This is a development."

"The rapid development of renewable energy technologies is crucial for combating climate change."

created, built, or improved to a more advanced state

"The plan is developed."

"The developed country has excellent infrastructure including roads hospitals schools and public transportation systems for all citizens."

the act or process of putting money into something to gain profit

"His best investment was buying land years ago."

"Buying a house is usually a good long-term investment that can increase in value over time."

the manufacture of goods using raw materials, particularly in factories

"The industry makes cars."

"The manufacturing industry plays a crucial role in the nation's economy, producing a wide range of goods."

a person or organization that creates, designs, or manufactures goods in order to sell them in the market for profit

"He is a producer."

"The company is a major producer of renewable energy in the region."

something that is created or grown for sale

"This product is very good."

"The company invested heavily in research and development to create a groundbreaking new product for the market."

the act or process of transforming raw materials or different components into goods that can be used by customers

"Production starts early."

"The efficient production line ensured that the new car models were manufactured and ready for sale on schedule."

producing desired results through effective and efficient use of time, resources, and effort

"The meeting was productive."

"The meeting was very productive and we managed to finish all of the items on our agenda before lunchtime today."

the natural world around us where people, animals, and plants live

"We must protect the environment."

"The environment is cleaner when people reduce waste and pollution."

the introduction of harmful or unwanted substances into the environment, typically causing harm to ecosystems, human health, or the planet

"The pollution is bad."

"Industrial pollution has severely damaged the local ecosystem, leading to a decline in fish populations."